An Investigation on the Hardness of Polylactic Acid Parts Fabricated via Fused Deposition Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Campaign
3. Results
4. Conclusions
- Changing the printing angle affected the hardness property of the PLA material significantly. Most of the hardness trend of the flat surface basically followed the linear relationship with the printing angle except for the X-type samples. The flat surface of R type 90/0 samples demonstrated the highest hardness value of 83.3; on the contrary, the lowest value of the flat surface of 77.3 appears on Y60, Y90 and Z0 samples.
- The hardness property of the edge surface increased with the printing angle, but the concave surface of the X0° and Y0° samples caused a lower hardness value due to their built orientation. The same situation was also replicated on flat-type samples, for which the 0/−90 sample has the lowest value of 77.3.
- The hardness value collected from the flat surface did not show significant impact via the change in the raster angle.
- The UV curing process enhanced the hardness property of the PLA material, while the extent of the change rate depended on the printing method of the tested sample.
- The tested samples printed with a low infill ratio probably demonstrated an irregular trend on the hardness measurements results because of the empty inner structure, and a higher infill ratio should be used in future study for better stability in the experiment.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fixed Factor | Value |
---|---|
Nozzle temperature | 205 °C |
Nozzle diameters | 0.4 mm |
Printing speed | 35 mm/s |
Infill density | 10% |
Platform temperature | 60 °C |
Layer thickness | 0.2 mm |
Filament diameters | 1.75 mm |
Controlling factor | Value |
Printing axis | X, Y, Z |
Printing angle | 0°, 30°, 60°, 90° |
Raster angle | 0°/90°, 30°/−60°, 45°/−45° |
Type | Name | Schematic Diagram |
---|---|---|
X−type | X0 (Y0) | |
X30 | ||
X60 | ||
X90 (Z90) | ||
Y−type | X0 (Y0) | |
Y30 | ||
Y60 | ||
Y90 (Z0) | ||
Z−type | Y90 (Z0) | |
Z30 | ||
Z60 | ||
X90 (Z90) | ||
R−type |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Wavelength | 365 nm |
Rotation speed | 1 rpm |
Operating temperature | 23 °C |
Curing time | 60 min |
Type of Specimens | Hardness (Original) | Hardness (UV) |
---|---|---|
X0 | 82.6 ± 0.7 | 83.8 ± 0.5 |
X30 | 80.7 ± 0.8 | 82.0 ± 0.2 |
X60 | 81.5 ± 1.6 | 82.5 ± 0.5 |
X90 | 82.2 ± 1.5 | 84.0 ± 0.5 |
Y0 | 82.6 ± 0.7 | 83.8 ± 0.5 |
Y30 | 80.0 ± 1.8 | 81.1 ± 0.2 |
Y60 | 77.3 ± 1.0 | 80.8 ± 0.5 |
Y90 | 77.3 ± 1.7 | 80.3 ± 0.2 |
Z0 | 77.3 ± 1.7 | 80.3 ± 1.0 |
Z30 | 80.8 ± 0.3 | 82.0 ± 0.5 |
Z60 | 81.5 ± 1.4 | 82.5 ± 1.3 |
Z90 | 82.2 ± 1.5 | 84.0 ± 0.5 |
0°/90° | 82.1 ± 0.9 | 82.7 ± 0.7 |
30°/−60° | 82.0 ± 1.0 | 82.4 ± 1.0 |
−45°/45° | 82.6 ± 0.7 | 83.8 ± 0.5 |
Type of Specimens | Hardness (Original) | Hardness (UV) |
---|---|---|
X0 | 77.6 ± 0.2 | 79.7 ± 0.7 |
X30 | 81.6 ± 1.6 | 79.6 ± 1.1 |
X60 | 83.1 ± 1.7 | 82.2 ± 0.4 |
X90 | 84.1 ± 1.0 | 84.5 ± 0.5 |
Y0 | 77.6 ± 0.2 | 79.7 ± 0.7 |
Y30 | 80.7 ± 0.2 | 81.7 ± 0.2 |
Y60 | 81.0 ± 0.2 | 81.3 ± 1.2 |
Y90 | 80.8 ± 0.5 | 82.4 ± 0.8 |
Z0 | 80.8 ± 0.5 | 82.4 ± 0.8 |
Z30 | 82.5 ± 0.5 | 83.0 ± 0.5 |
Z60 | 83.2 ± 0.2 | 83.5 ± 0.4 |
Z90 | 84.1 ± 1.0 | 84.5 ± 0.5 |
0°/90° | 76.6 ± 0.5 | 79.8 ± 0.5 |
30°/−60° | 78.8 ± 0.5 | 80.3 ± 1.0 |
−45°/45° | 77.6 ± 0.2 | 79.7 ± 0.7 |
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Zeng, Y.-S.; Hsueh, M.-H.; Lai, C.-J.; Hsiao, T.-C.; Pan, C.-Y.; Huang, W.-C.; Chang, C.-H.; Wang, S.-H. An Investigation on the Hardness of Polylactic Acid Parts Fabricated via Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers 2022, 14, 2789. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142789
Zeng Y-S, Hsueh M-H, Lai C-J, Hsiao T-C, Pan C-Y, Huang W-C, Chang C-H, Wang S-H. An Investigation on the Hardness of Polylactic Acid Parts Fabricated via Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers. 2022; 14(14):2789. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142789
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Yu-Shan, Ming-Hsien Hsueh, Chao-Jung Lai, Te-Ching Hsiao, Chieh-Yu Pan, Wen-Chen Huang, Chih-Hao Chang, and Shi-Hao Wang. 2022. "An Investigation on the Hardness of Polylactic Acid Parts Fabricated via Fused Deposition Modeling" Polymers 14, no. 14: 2789. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142789