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Polymers
Volume 13
Issue 18
10.3390/polym13183117
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Article

The Surface Characterisation of Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) 3D Printed PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites

by
Krzysztof Rodzeń
1,*,
Mary Josephine McIvor
1,
Preetam K. Sharma
1,2,
Jonathan G. Acheson
1,
Alistair McIlhagger
1,
Mozaffar Mokhtari
1,
Aoife McFerran
1,
Joanna Ward
1,
Brian J. Meenan
1 and
Adrian R. Boyd
1,*
1
School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2021, 13(18), 3117; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183117
Submission received: 23 July 2021 / Revised: 6 September 2021 / Accepted: 13 September 2021 / Published: 15 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Analysis and Characterization)
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Abstract

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic polymer which has found increasing application in orthopaedics and has shown a lot of promise for ‘made-to-measure’ implants via additive manufacturing approaches. However, PEEK is bioinert and needs to undergo surface modification to make it at least osteoconductive to ensure a more rapid, improved, and stable fixation that will last longer in vivo. One approach to solving this issue is to modify PEEK with bioactive agents such as hydroxyapatite (HA). The work reported in this study demonstrates the direct 3D printing of PEEK/HA composites of up to 30 weight percent (wt%) HA using a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) approach. The surface characteristics and in vitro properties of the composite materials were investigated. X-ray diffraction revealed the samples to be semi-crystalline in nature, with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry revealing HA materials were available in the uppermost surface of all the 3D printed samples. In vitro testing of the samples at 7 days demonstrated that the PEEK/HA composite surfaces supported the adherence and growth of viable U-2 OS osteoblast like cells. These results demonstrate that FFF can deliver bioactive HA on the surface of PEEK bio-composites in a one-step 3D printing process.
Keywords: additive manufacturing; advanced composite materials; 3D printing; fused filament fabrication; PEEK; polyetheretherketone; hydroxyapatite; XPS; ToFSIMS; in vitro additive manufacturing; advanced composite materials; 3D printing; fused filament fabrication; PEEK; polyetheretherketone; hydroxyapatite; XPS; ToFSIMS; in vitro
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MDPI and ACS Style

Rodzeń, K.; McIvor, M.J.; Sharma, P.K.; Acheson, J.G.; McIlhagger, A.; Mokhtari, M.; McFerran, A.; Ward, J.; Meenan, B.J.; Boyd, A.R. The Surface Characterisation of Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) 3D Printed PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites. Polymers 2021, 13, 3117. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183117

AMA Style

Rodzeń K, McIvor MJ, Sharma PK, Acheson JG, McIlhagger A, Mokhtari M, McFerran A, Ward J, Meenan BJ, Boyd AR. The Surface Characterisation of Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) 3D Printed PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites. Polymers. 2021; 13(18):3117. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183117

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodzeń, Krzysztof, Mary Josephine McIvor, Preetam K. Sharma, Jonathan G. Acheson, Alistair McIlhagger, Mozaffar Mokhtari, Aoife McFerran, Joanna Ward, Brian J. Meenan, and Adrian R. Boyd. 2021. "The Surface Characterisation of Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) 3D Printed PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites" Polymers 13, no. 18: 3117. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183117

APA Style

Rodzeń, K., McIvor, M. J., Sharma, P. K., Acheson, J. G., McIlhagger, A., Mokhtari, M., McFerran, A., Ward, J., Meenan, B. J., & Boyd, A. R. (2021). The Surface Characterisation of Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) 3D Printed PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites. Polymers, 13(18), 3117. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183117

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