Why POSS-Type Compounds Should Be Considered Nanomodifiers, Not Nanofillers—A Polypropylene Blends Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Analyses
2.3. Preparation of (Nano)Composites
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the Obtained Modifiers
3.2. SEM and EDS Imaging
3.3. Thermal Analysis Results
3.4. Mechanical Properties
3.5. Tribological Properties
3.6. Vicat Softening Temperature
3.7. Melt Flow Index
4. Practical Implementation
5. Conclusions
- CS compounds show much better dispersion properties in an iPP matrix when compared to similar compositions prepared in a similar manner with PE serving as a matrix material. It can be explained on the basis of higher Hildebrandt solubility parameter or Hansen dispersive parameter of iPP than that of PE, matching the dipole character of cage siloxanes. It results in better improvement in performance of CS/iPP composites in comparison to similar CS/PE composites.
- Two factors are critical for obtaining iPP-based nanocomposites containing silsesquioxanes and spherosilicates. One is the chemical structure of the compounds, which should match the character of iPP. The second aspect is dilution of the additive within the polymer-at the highest concentrations tested; most of the studied compounds had a tendency to form aggregates, which reduced their effectiveness as additives.
- Among the tested CS compounds, functionalized spherosilicate (SS-Glycidyl, SS-Limonene) and silsesquioxane (iBu7SSQ-3OH) additives may be considered valuable agents for improving mechanical properties of iPP, mainly tensile and flexural strength, with optimal loading not exceeding 0.5%. Crystalline CS, mainly the remaining silsesquioxanes, did not present beneficial effects on these properties.
- SS-Glycidyl and iBu7SSQ-3OH provide lubricating action, according to MFI, which is beneficial from the point of view of selected polymer processing techniques (e.g., injection molding, melt blowing).
- CS compounds tend to reduce thermal stability of the obtained iPP compositions thereof (degradation promoters), which is contrary to the behavior observed by us for CS/PE composites studied earlier, and to the behavior of iPP composites containing high loadings of CS and reported in other sources (degradation inhibitors). As a result, they may be considered catalysts for pyrolytic decomposition/recycling of iPP-based materials.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Abbreviation | Literature Report |
---|---|---|
Octahydrospherosilicate | SS-H | [49] |
Octavinylspherosilicate | SS-Vi | [49] (prepared analogically to SS-H) |
Octaglycidylspherosilicate | SS-Glycidyl | [50] |
Octalimonenespherosilicate | SS-Limonene | [31] |
hepta(isobutyl)trisilanol silsesquioxane | iBu7SSQ-3OH | [51] |
chloropropylhepta(isobutyl)silsesquioxane | iBu7SSQ-Cl | [52] |
Monovinylhepta(isobutyl)spherosilicate | iBu7SS-Vi | [53] |
Monohydrohepta(isobutyl)spherosilicate | iBu7SS-H | [54] |
Sample | Tm [°C] | Tc [°C] | |
---|---|---|---|
Neat PP | 162.7 | 117.2 | |
SS-Vi | 0.1% | 164.2 * | 119.0 |
0.25% | 164.1 * | 119.3 | |
0.5% | 164.5 * | 119.4 | |
1% | 164.2 * | 118.6 | |
SS-Glycidyl | 0.1% | 165.1 | 122.2 |
0.25% | 165.5 | 122.6 | |
0.5% | 164.9 | 124.0 | |
1% | 165.1 | 124.9 | |
SS-Limonene | 0.1% | 165.0 | 123.1 |
0.25% | 164.9 | 123.2 | |
0.5% | 165.1 | 124.0 | |
1% | 165.3 | 124.6 | |
iBu7SSQ-3OH | 0.1% | 165.2 * | 119.9 |
0.25% | 164.4 * | 120.8 | |
0.5% | 164.9 * | 121.7 | |
1% | 164.6 * | 122.0 | |
iBu7SSQ-Cl | 0.1% | 163.5 * | 119.3 |
0.25% | 163.3 * | 119.7 | |
0.5% | 165.0 * | 119.7 | |
1% | 165.0 * | 119.9 | |
iBu7SS-Vi | 0.1% | 164.3 * | 119.1 |
0.25% | 164.7 * | 119.2 | |
0.5% | 164.8 * | 120.5 | |
1% | 164.3 * | 119.3 | |
iBu7SS-H | 0.1% | 164.6 * | 119.4 |
0.25% | 164.6 * | 119.7 | |
0.5% | 165.1 * | 119.1 | |
1% | 163.8 * | 119.4 |
Sample | T5% [°C] | Tonset [°C] | TDTG [°C] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Neat PP | 283.3 | 312.2 | 341.4 | |
SS-Vi | 0.1% | 274.3 | 294.4 | 325.5 |
0.25% | 282.8 | 306.1 | 349.9 | |
0.5% | 280.8 | 302.2 | 333.7 | |
1% | 274.7 | 290.1 | 321.9 | |
SS-Glycidyl | 0.1% | 279.8 | 299.3 | 336.6 |
0.25% | 283.6 | 302 | 351.8 | |
0.5% | 288.6 | 311.3 | 360.5 | |
1% | 280.6 | 304.9 | 342.7 | |
SS-Limonene | 0.1% | 274.5 | 293.6 | 343.8 |
0.25% | 271.0 | 297.3 | 332.8 | |
0.5% | 274.8 | 295 | 328.2 | |
1% | 278.4 | 299.7 | 336.0 | |
iBu7SSQ-3OH | 0.1% | 283.9 | 307.4 | 348.9 |
0.25% | 276.5 | 297.6 | 342.9 | |
0.5% | 274.5 | 309.6 | 333.9 | |
1% | 274.6 | 297.0 | 334.6 | |
iBu7SSQ-Cl | 0.1% | 284.6 | 306.1 | 349.1 |
0.25% | 271.8 | 289.8 | 320.5 | |
0.5% | 275.8 | 294.3 | 338.8 | |
1% | 279.3 | 312.2 | 350.1 | |
iBu7SS-Vi | 0.1% | 279.8 | 300.7 | 344.0 |
0.25% | 278.7 | 301.4 | 329.7 | |
0.5% | 275.5 | 291.5 | 328.4 | |
1% | 274.9 | 296.2 | 331.4 | |
iBu7SS-H | 0.1% | 279.5 | 301.4 | 339.8 |
0.25% | 277.3 | 296.4 | 334.7 | |
0.5% | 271.0 | 281.9 | 308.4 | |
1% | 278.2 | 302.4 | 341.7 |
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Brząkalski, D.; Przekop, R.E.; Sztorch, B.; Frydrych, M.; Pakuła, D.; Jałbrzykowski, M.; Markiewicz, G.; Marciniec, B. Why POSS-Type Compounds Should Be Considered Nanomodifiers, Not Nanofillers—A Polypropylene Blends Case Study. Polymers 2021, 13, 2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132124
Brząkalski D, Przekop RE, Sztorch B, Frydrych M, Pakuła D, Jałbrzykowski M, Markiewicz G, Marciniec B. Why POSS-Type Compounds Should Be Considered Nanomodifiers, Not Nanofillers—A Polypropylene Blends Case Study. Polymers. 2021; 13(13):2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132124
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrząkalski, Dariusz, Robert E. Przekop, Bogna Sztorch, Miłosz Frydrych, Daria Pakuła, Marek Jałbrzykowski, Grzegorz Markiewicz, and Bogdan Marciniec. 2021. "Why POSS-Type Compounds Should Be Considered Nanomodifiers, Not Nanofillers—A Polypropylene Blends Case Study" Polymers 13, no. 13: 2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132124