Effects of Different Grafting Density of Amino Silane Coupling Agents on Thermomechanical Properties of Cross-Linked Epoxy Resin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Mechanical Performance
3.2. Glass Transition Temperature
3.3. Mean Square Displacement
3.4. Hydrogen Bond
3.5. Interaction Energy
3.6. Radial Distribution Function
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The SiO2 nanoparticles grafted with silane coupling agents can effectively improve the thermomechanical performance of the epoxy resin. When the grafting density is 9%, it shows a better thermomechanical performance than the other models, and the glass transition temperature increases by 41 K. Duo to nanoparticles grafted with silane coupling agents improving nanoagglomeration, nanoparticles can fully react with the epoxy resin matrix to form a hydrogen bond grid, and such hydrogen bonds are mainly from OH···O and NH···O hydrogen bonds. However, when the grafting density of the silane coupling agents on the surface of the nanoparticles is too high, nanoparticles cannot effectively react with the epoxy resin, which will reduce the thermomechanical performance.
- (2)
- With the increase of grafting density of SiO2 nanoparticles, the chain movement ability of epoxy resin decreased, the interaction between SiO2 nanoparticles and epoxy resin was enhanced, and the interaction energy is negatively correlated to the temperature. Based on the different sizes of the established models, different nanoparticle diameters and epoxy resin materials are selected, so a proper grafting density should be selected to better improve the thermomechanical performance of epoxy resin.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Data Availability
References
- Han, Z.; Zhou, L.; Ji, X.; Huang, X.; Li, Q.; Zhao, T. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Epoxy Resin/carbon Nanotube Composite of Basin Insulators. High Volt. Appar. 2018, 5, 49–55. [Google Scholar]
- Ruan, H.; Yu, Y.; Zhang, J. Effect of Nano-Al2O3 on Surface Flashover Voltage Epoxy Resin Composites. Insul. Mater. 2019, 2, 35–40. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, D.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, Y. Engineering Application of Nano Technology in High-Performance Power Composite Insulation Materials. Sci. Sin. Chim. 2013, 6, 725–743. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.; Wang, S.; Lu, G.; Huang, Y.; Yi, L. Influence of Nano AIN Modification on Epoxy Resin Insulation Performance of A Dry Transformer. Transactions of China Electrotechnical. Society 2017, 7, 174–180. [Google Scholar]
- Xiao, M.; Du, B. Review of High Thermal Conductivity Polymer Dielectrics for Electrical Insulation. High Volt. Eng. 2016, 1, 34–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, X.; Jiang, P.; Tanaka, T. A Review of Dielectric Polymer Composites with High Thermal Conductivity. IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag. 2011, 27, 8–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, B.; Zhang, M.; Jiang, H.; Liu, H.; Fu, M.; Hou, S. Growth Characteristics of Electrical Tree in Epoxy Resin under Low Temperature. High Volt. Eng. 2016, 2, 478–484. [Google Scholar]
- Khare, K.S.; Khabaz, F.; Khare, R. Effect of Carbon Nanotube Functionalization on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cross-Linked Epoxy-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites: Role of Strengthening the Interfacial Interactions. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 6098–6110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imai, T.; Sawa, F.; Nakano, T.; Ozaki, T.; Shimizu, T.; Kozako, M.; Tanaka, T. Effects of nano- and micro-filler mixture on electrical insulation properties of epoxy based composites. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 2006, 13, 319–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsai, J.-L.; Hsiao, H.; Cheng, Y.-L. Investigating Mechanical Behaviors of Silica Nanoparticle Reinforced Composites. J. Compos. Mater. 2010, 44, 505–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montazeri, A.; Javadpour, J.; Khavandi, A.; Tcharkhtchi, A.; Mohajeri, A. Mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/epoxy composites. Mater. Des. 2010, 31, 4202–4208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhan, H.; Zhang, G.; Bell, J.M.; Gu, Y. The morphology and temperature dependent tensile properties of diamond nanothreads. Carbon 2016, 107, 304–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spitalsky, Z.; Tasis, D.; Papagelis, K.; Galiotis, C. Carbon nanotube-polymer composites: Chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35, 357–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, L.; Wang, C.; Guo, Z.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Rui, H.; Peng, Z. Effects of silane coupling agents on the electrical properties of silica/epoxy nanocomposites. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics, Montpellier, France, 3–7 July 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Z.; Lv, Q.; Chen, S.; Li, C.; Sun, S.; Hu, S. Effect of Interfacial Bonding on Interphase Properties in SiO2/Epoxy Nanocomposite: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 7499–7508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, K.-C.; Lin, C.-Y.; Lin, H.-F.; Chiou, S.-C.; Huang, W.-C.; Yeh, J.-M.; Yang, J.-C. Thermally and mechanically enhanced epoxy resin-silica hybrid materials containing primary amine-modified silica nanoparticles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008, 108, 1629–1635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roy, K.; Potiyaraj, P. Exploring the comparative effect of silane coupling agents with different functional groups on the cure, mechanical and thermal properties of nano-alumina (Al2O3)-based natural rubber (NR) compounds. Polym. Bull. 2019, 76, 883–902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, Y.; Tang, C.; Hu, D.; Gui, Y. Effect of Aminosilane Coupling Agents with Different Chain Lengths on Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Cross-Linked Epoxy Resin. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, B.; Choi, J.; Yang, S. Influence of Crosslink Density on the Interfacial Characteristics of Epoxy Nanocomposites. Polymer 2015, 60, 186–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, G.; Yan, F.; Teng, Z.; Yang, W.; Li, T. The surface modification of silica with APTS. Prog. Chem. 2006, 18, 239–245. [Google Scholar]
- Etienne, M.; Walcarius, A. Analytical investigation of the chemical reactivity and stability of aminopropyl-grafted silica in aqueous medium. Talanta 2003, 59, 1173–1188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raaska, T.; Niemela, S.; Sundholm, F. Atom-Based Modeling of Elastic-Constants in Amorphous Polystyrene. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 5751–5757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, C. Simulated Glass Transition of Poly(ethylene oxide) Bulk and Film: A Comparative Study. J. Phys. Chem. B 2011, 115, 11044–11052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, K.; Li, Z.; Sun, J. Polymer Structures and Glass Transition: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Macromol. Theory Simul. 2001, 6, 624–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, X.; Wu, R.; Yang, X. Molecular Dynamics Study on Glass Transitions in Atactic-Polypropylene Bulk and Freestanding Thin Films. J. Phys. Chem. B 2010, 114, 4955–4963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, S.; Qu, J. Computing thermomechanical properties of crosslinked epoxy by molecular dynamic simulations. Polymer 2012, 53, 4806–4817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiang, L. Glass transition investigations on highly crosslinked epoxy resins by molecular dynamics simulations. Mol. Simul. 2015, 18, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
- Li, H.; Wang, C.; Li, L. Infleucne of coupling agent treatment mode on SiO2/epoxy resin nano composite materials. Insul. Mater. 2017, 2, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Sindt, O.; Perez, J.; Gerard, J.F. Molecular architecture mechanical behaviour relationships in epoxy networks. Polymer 1996, 37, 2989–2997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heiner, A.P.; Kuutti, L.; Teleman, O. Comparison of the interface between water and four surfaces of native crystalline cellulose by molecular dynamics simulations. Carbohydr. Res. 1998, 306, 205–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeyranpour, F.; Alahyarizadeh, G.; Minuchehr, A. The thermo-mechanical properties estimation of fullerene-reinforced resin epoxy composites by molecular dynamics simulation—A comparative study. Polymer 2016, 88, 9–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sacristan Bermejo, J.; Mijangos Ugarte, C. Influence of Cross-Linking Density on the Glass Transition and Structure of Chemically Cross-Linked PVA: A Molecular Dynamics Study. Macromol. Theory Simul. 2009, 18, 317–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, C.; Xu, W. Atomistic molecular simulations of structure and dynamics of crosslinked epoxy resin. Polymer 2007, 48, 5802–5812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, J.W.; Choia, K.; Jo, W.H.; Hsu, S.L. Structure-property relationships of polyimides: A molecular simulation approach. Polymer 1998, 39, 7079–7087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Du, D.; Tang, Y.; Yang, L.; Tang, C. Effects of Different Grafting Density of Amino Silane Coupling Agents on Thermomechanical Properties of Cross-Linked Epoxy Resin. Polymers 2020, 12, 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081662
Du D, Tang Y, Yang L, Tang C. Effects of Different Grafting Density of Amino Silane Coupling Agents on Thermomechanical Properties of Cross-Linked Epoxy Resin. Polymers. 2020; 12(8):1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081662
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Dongyuan, Yujing Tang, Lu Yang, and Chao Tang. 2020. "Effects of Different Grafting Density of Amino Silane Coupling Agents on Thermomechanical Properties of Cross-Linked Epoxy Resin" Polymers 12, no. 8: 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081662