Large-Scale Shape Transformations of a Sphere Made of a Magnetoactive Elastomer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Field-Induced Striction in Magnetoactive Elastomers
1.2. MAE Objects and Dense Ferrofluid Droplets: Resemblances and Differences
2. MAE Sphere under a Uniform Field. Qualitative Analysis
3. MAE Sphere under a Uniform Field: A Coupled Magnetoelastic Problem
3.1. Finite Deformations Approach
3.2. Elasticity Energy
3.3. Magnetic Energy
4. Method of Solution
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
- Theoretical evidence is presented that magnetostriction effect in free-standing MAE samples—sphere is a test object—could be understood and studied adequately only with the aid of a detailed magnetomechanical description. The basic cause for that is that only the finite-element or alike methods are able to account for the virtually infinite number of degrees of freedom of a deformable elastic body.
- As soon as a powerful numerical tool is applied, it turns out that the estimates obtained with ‘spheroidal’ approximation could be used exclusively for qualitative analysis and have no quantitative validity. The here obtained solution refutes the former prediction of virtual impossibility to observe magnetomechanical hysteresis of MAE samples and moves the appropriate parameter interval to a real range.
- Even if the magnetic susceptibility of a MAE is not high enough to ensure a real jump of the stretch ratio , function signals on the proximity of the hysteresis regime by a characteristic inflexion. Besides that, and contrary to the case of ferrofluid droplets, in MAE objects the effect has no size limitations and may well occur at macroscopic scale.
- The model that we use is adequate for the problem solved but is limited to statics and linearly magnetiable MAEs. A first step forward, utterly necessary and not extremely laborious, should be its extension for a nonlinear magnetization law since magnetic saturation is a fundamental feature of MAEs; such an improvement would bring theoretical predictions closer to real situation.
- In our view, for further advances the model should be developed along the following lines:
- –
- it should allow for re-distribution of the filler particles, which, albeit elastically impeded by the MAE matrix, possess some translational freedom that is the greater the softer the elastomer. Due to geometry reasons, the internal field gradients in the tips exceed those in the middle section of the body, so that the magnetic forces urge the particles to the tips. The augmented particle concentration enhances the local magnetic susceptibility of the tip, and this, in turn, affects its geometry. At present, the net effect of this interplay is unknown.
- –
- it should be extended to have a dynamic formulation. This would give an opportunity to estimate the response time of a MAE sphere shape morphing that, obviously, would strongly depend on the object size. Besides that, a large number of cases where MAE objects of various shapes may undergo field-controlled motion and locomotion would become accessible for reliable predcitions. Evidently, this class of problems is very interesting from a great many of applicational viewpoints.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stolbov, O.; Raikher, Y. Large-Scale Shape Transformations of a Sphere Made of a Magnetoactive Elastomer. Polymers 2020, 12, 2933. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122933
Stolbov O, Raikher Y. Large-Scale Shape Transformations of a Sphere Made of a Magnetoactive Elastomer. Polymers. 2020; 12(12):2933. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122933
Chicago/Turabian StyleStolbov, Oleg, and Yuriy Raikher. 2020. "Large-Scale Shape Transformations of a Sphere Made of a Magnetoactive Elastomer" Polymers 12, no. 12: 2933. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122933