Combinations of Antimicrobial Polymers with Nanomaterials and Bioactives to Improve Biocidal Therapies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Co-Administration of Two Different Antimicrobial Polymers
2.1. Improving Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan by Grafting Biocidal Polymers
2.2. N-Halamines Based Polymers and Polycations Working in Tandem
Schematic Representation of the Polymeric Agent | Surface | Micro-Organism | Percentage Reduction of Bacteria 1 (Representative Examples) | Contact Time | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HQ1 | Cotton (C) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) | MRSA E. coli | MRSA: 2.0 × 106 CFU/mL Unmodified-C = 0% HQ1-g-C = 27.2% Chlorinated H1-g-C = 100% | 5 min | [54] | |
HQ2 | Cotton (C) | S. aureus E. coli | S. aureus: 6.67 × 105 CFU/mL Unmodified-C = N/A HQ2-g-C = 89.55% Chlorinated X-g-C = 100% | 5 min | [55] | |
HQ2 | Mesoporous silica SBA-15 | S. aureus E. coli | E. coli: 3.3 × 107 CFU/mL SBA-15: 2.27% SAB-15-g-HQ6 = 24.1% Chlorinated SAB-15-g-HQ6 = 100% | 10 min | [56] | |
H1-Q1 | Cellulose fiber (Ce) | S. aureus E. coli | E. coli: 106 to 107 CFU/mL aUnmodified-Ce = 1.0% H1-g-Ce = 99.0% Q1-g-Ce = 93.0% Chlorinated H3Q1-g-Ce = 99.5% | 5 min | [57] | |
HQ3 | Macroporous crosslinked chloromethylated polystyrene (CMPS) resin | S. aureus E. coli | E. coli: 1.8 × 107 CFU/mL Unmodified-CMPS = 32.39% HQ3-g-CMPS = 63.69% Chlorinated HQ3-g-CMPS = 99.99% | 5 min | [58] | |
HQ4 | Polypropylene (PP) | L. mono-cytogenes | L. monocytogenes: 1.0 × 106 CFU/mL aUnmodified-PP ≈ 0% Chlorinated-PP ≈ 0% HQ4-g-PP ≈ 99.9% Chlorinated HQ4-g-PP > 99.99% | 120 min | [59] | |
H2, Q2 | Cotton (C) | S. aureus E. coli | E. coli: 2.51 × 106 CFU/mL C + H2 = 2.27% Chlorinated-C + H2 = 100% C + Q2 = 46.3% Chlorinated C + H2 + Q2 = 100% | 30 min | [60] | |
HQ5 | Cotton (C) | S. aureus E. coli | E. coli: 1.93 × 106 CFU/mL Unmodified C = 30.57% C-g-HQ5 = 51.4% Chlorinated C-g-HQ5 = 100% | 30 min | [61] |
2.3. Nitric Oxide co-Administration Systems
3. Enhancing Efficiency of Antimicrobial Cationic Polymers by Incorporating Metal Oxides and Metal Nanoparticles
4. Synergistic Effect Between Antimicrobial Polymers and Carbon Nanostructures
5. Combination of Antimicrobial Cationic Polymers with Antibiotics
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
AgBr | silver bromide |
AgNPs | silver nanoparticles |
AM | acrylamide |
AMR | antimicrobial resistance |
AuNps | gold nanoparticles |
BPAM | benzophenone based quaternary ammonium molecules |
CMPS | macroporous crosslinked chloromethylated polystyrene |
CNTs | carbon nanotubes |
CS | chitosan |
CuNPs | copper nanoparticles |
DADMAC | diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride |
DMDEPAC | N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecyl-N-(1,2-epoxypropyl) ammonium chloride |
DMOEPAC | N,N-dimethyl-N-octadecyl-N-(1,2-epoxypropyl) ammonium chloride |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
GMs | graphene-based materials |
GO | graphene oxide |
MIC | minimum inhibitory concentration |
MMT | montmorillonite |
MNPs | magnetic nanoparticles |
MRS | more resistant strains |
MWCNT | multi wall carbon nanotubes |
NO | nitric oxide |
NPs | nanoparticles |
NPVP | poly(4-vinyl-N-hexylpyridinium) bromide) |
PAMAM | poly(amidoamine) |
PDMAEMA | poly(dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) |
PEG | poly(ethylene glycol) |
PET | poly(ethylene terephthalate) |
PMMA | poly(methyl methacrylate) |
PP | polypropylene |
PPI | poly(propylene imine) |
PTBAM | poly[2-(tert-butylaminoethyl) methacrylate] |
PTPB | (4-penten-1-yl) triphenylphosphonium bromide |
PVA | poly(vinyl alcohol) |
QAS | quaternary ammonium salts |
QPS | quaternary phosphonium salts |
RNA | ribonucleic acid |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SNAP | S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine |
SSD | silver sulfadiazine |
ZnO | zinc oxide |
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Schematic Representation of the Antimicrobial Polymer | NP/Salt | Microorganism Tested | Synergistic Effect | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
AgBr (10–70 nm) | E. coli B. cereus | Membrane disrupting of the cationic polymer. Long lasting action without depletion of Ag+ ion. The dual system | [94,101] | |
Ag, Cu | S. aureus P. aeruginosa B. subtilis E. coli | increased the killing rate of bacteria and kept activity for a longer time in comparison with AgBr alone. | [82] | |
Ag (≈5 nm) Au (≈8 nm) | S. aureus P. aeruginosa | Positive charges and alkyl chains act together to damage the bacterial structure. This fact increases cell permeability allowing AgNps to penetrate and inhibit the function of enzymes and proteins. | [83,88] | |
Ag | E. coli S. epidermis | Release (Ag+) and contact killing mechanisms (QAS). Long sustainability. | [102] | |
Ag (8 to 15 nm) | A. niger | Higher branched degree of polymers produces smaller AgNps with better diffusion and interaction, increasing the antimicrobial performance. | [103] | |
Ag salts | S. aureus MRSA | Dendrimer acted as a template to load silver salts allowing the high local concentration of exposed silver ions in the periphery. | [104] | |
Ag (1.5 nm) | S. aureus E. coli P. aeruginosa S. hemolyticus C. albicans | Peripheral +NMe3 groups in combination with biocidal silver cations. | [105] | |
Zn ions | S. aureus E coli C. albicans | Interactions between cations of poly(ionic liquid) and cell wall, which boost the cell membrane permeability causing lysis of the cells. Zn2+ can produce reactive ROS in cells leading to the growth inhibition and death of bacteria. | [106] | |
Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 (30 nm) | A.niger P. oxalicum | Cationic copolymer provides additional charges on the NPs surfaces promoting affinity to bind to fungal cells, thus improving their interaction with the negatively charged microbial cell surface. | [107] |
System | Nanoparticle | Microorganism Tested | Synergistic Effect | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Porous CS films | Ag (≈12 nm) | E. coli, S. aureus P. aeruginosa, MRSA | The presence of hundreds of porous enables formation of smaller AgNPs, which are more effective than longer. Besides CS absorbs a large amount of water and releases Ag more efficient than chitosan without porous. | [121] |
Carboxymethyl CS/polyethylene oxide nanofibers (CMCTS/PEO) | Ag (12 to 18 nm) | E. coli, S. aureus P. aeruginosa, C. albicans | The fibrous structure of nanofibers allowed to increase the silver load. | [122] |
Crosslinked CS/polyethylene glycol nanocomposite films | ZnO Ag < 100 nm | E. coli, S. aureus P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis | Membrane disrupting of the cationic polymer. Ag and ZnO enhanced antibacterial property due to the photocatalysis and metal release process. Generation of active free radicals. | [123] |
Nancomposite GO-CS/ZnO | GO ZnO | E. coli, S. aureus | GO-ZnO induce ROS production that causes oxidative damage. The interaction bacteria with composite and ZnO-NPs increase its permeability and generate active superoxide ions (O2−), which can react with the peptide linkages in the cell wall of bacteria and thus disrupt. | [124] |
CS coatings applied on cotton and cotton/polyester CS/Ag, CS/ZnO, CS/Ag-ZnO | Ag (3 to 5 nm) ZnO Ag-doped ZnO (10 to 35 nm) | E. coli, S. aureus | AgNPs disturbs the permeability, respiration and cell division. ZnO NPs produce ROS. Under light conditions, Ag improved the charge transfer, reducing the chance of electron–hole pairs to recombine and promoting the generation of perhydroxyl radicals and other potent oxidizing radicals. | [125] |
CS NPs | Cu, TiO2 ≈10 nm | E. coli, S. aureus | Negatively charged TiO2 NPs acts as a copper ion carrier, and its surface can absorb positively charged copper ions. Cu in combination with TiO2 can increase the amount of copper in bacteria and subsequently enhances antimicrobial activity. | [126] |
Quaternized CS-clay (MMT) based nanocomposites | Ag (≈26 nm) | E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis | Exfoliated MMT with a large specific surface area adsorbs and fixes microorganisms. QAS disrupt cell membrane allowing AgNPs infiltrate and react with compounds in the cell wall. | [127] |
Schematic Representation of the Antimicrobial Polymer | Antibiotic | Microorganism Tested | Synergistic Effect | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ciprofloxacin (CPF) | E. coli | Integrity of the cell membrane was disrupted by hydrophobic moieties (in an optimal concentration). CPF inhibits the activity of the bacterial DNA gyrase, which leads to bacterial cell death. | [161] | |
Ciprofloxacin (CPF) | E. coli | [162] | ||
Polypeptide antibiotics: Polymyxin B Polymyxin R | E. coli | Combination of cationic conjugated polymers (CCPs) with polypeptide antibiotics facilitates and accelerates the rupture and collapse of bacterial membranes. | [173] | |
Penicillin-G Amoxicillin Ampicillin Cefazolin | MRSA | Adsorption of metallopolymer to the negatively charged MRSA surface which promotes damage in the cell walls and at the same time allows the release of complexed antibiotic. | [169] | |
Penicillin-G | E. coli P. aeruginosa P. vulgaris | Phenylboronic acid binds to peptide-glycan via boron-polyol based boronolectin chemistry, cationic cobalto-cenium moiety interact with negatively charged cell membranes and antibiotic is reinstated with enhanced vitality to attack bacteria | [170] |
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Yañez-Macías, R.; Muñoz-Bonilla, A.; De Jesús-Tellez, M.A.; Maldonado-Textle, H.; Guerrero-Sánchez, C.; Schubert, U.S.; Guerrero-Santos, R. Combinations of Antimicrobial Polymers with Nanomaterials and Bioactives to Improve Biocidal Therapies. Polymers 2019, 11, 1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111789
Yañez-Macías R, Muñoz-Bonilla A, De Jesús-Tellez MA, Maldonado-Textle H, Guerrero-Sánchez C, Schubert US, Guerrero-Santos R. Combinations of Antimicrobial Polymers with Nanomaterials and Bioactives to Improve Biocidal Therapies. Polymers. 2019; 11(11):1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111789
Chicago/Turabian StyleYañez-Macías, Roberto, Alexandra Muñoz-Bonilla, Marco A. De Jesús-Tellez, Hortensia Maldonado-Textle, Carlos Guerrero-Sánchez, Ulrich S. Schubert, and Ramiro Guerrero-Santos. 2019. "Combinations of Antimicrobial Polymers with Nanomaterials and Bioactives to Improve Biocidal Therapies" Polymers 11, no. 11: 1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111789