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Communication

Crystal Structure of the Protonated Germanide Cluster [HGe9]3−

by
Corinna Lorenz
and
Nikolaus Korber
*
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93055 Regensburg, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2018, 8(10), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8100374
Submission received: 28 August 2018 / Revised: 10 September 2018 / Accepted: 17 September 2018 / Published: 21 September 2018
Browse Figures
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Abstract

:
A single crystal X-ray diffraction study of the new compound [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3 revealed the presence of the first protonated nine-atom germanide cluster [HGe9]3−. It forms from Rb4Ge9 in liquid ammonia, so that [Ge9]4− can be considered as the base and [HGe9]3− its formally conjugated acid. The H atom is attached to a germanium vertex atom of the basal square plane, as it is known for [RGe9]3− (R = C5H9, Mes, etc.) or [HE9]3− (E = Si, Sn). In addition, the proton could be located unambiguously in the Fourier difference map. [HGe9]3− also represents a nido cluster species with 22 cluster-bonding electrons, which can be considered the most stable structure for nine-atom cluster species for all group 14 elements.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The ability of metals to form negatively charged species was experimentally proven by Joannis in 1891 [1]. Later, Zintl and co-workers determined, by means of electrochemical and potentiometric experiments on solutions of alkali metal alloys of the heavier main group elements in liquid ammonia, that these species must be polyanionic salts [2,3]. However, the shape of the so-called Zintl ions was then still completely unknown. This changed after the introduction of the chelating alkali metal ligand cryptand to these solutions by Corbett [4,5], when the isolation and structural characterization of solvate structures containing Zintl anions was facilitated. At present, for group 14 elements the representative homoatomic cluster anions identified in several solid state and solvate structures are [E4]4− (E = Si–Pb) [6,7,8,9], [E5]2− (E = Si–Pb) [10,11,12,13], [E9]x− (x = 4; E = Si-Pb; x = 3, E = Si–Sn; x = 2 E = Si,Ge) [5,14,15,16,17,18] and [E10]2− (E = Ge, Pb) [19,20]. For solvation experiments with germanium clusters, A4Ge9 (A = K–Cs) [21,22] or A12Ge17 (A = Na, K, K/Rb, Rb, Cs) [23,24] phases are used as starting materials, which contain the nine-atom germanide cluster or respectively [Ge9]4−/[Ge4]4− cage anions in a ratio of 1:2. These compounds are readily soluble in anhydrous liquid ammonia, ethylendiamine or N,N-dimethylformamide [4,25,26]. Recently, we reported on the synthesis and first structural characterization of the elusive and highly charged [Ge4]4− anion in Cs4Ge4·9NH3 [7]. However, solution chemistry with the more stable and better characterized [Ge9] clusters is far better developed. They undergo a variety of reactions with different reagents like transition metal complexes, acyl chlorides or chlorophosphines [5,27,28,29]. As mentioned above, the [Ge9] clusters exist with three different overall charges: −4, −3 and −2. Starting with the fourfold negatively charged cluster, the charge of −3 and −2 can either be explained by oxidation (Equation (1)) [30,31] or protonation (Equation (2)) [32].
[Ge9]4− ⇄ [Ge9]3− + e− (solv) ⇄ [Ge9]2− + 2e− (solv)
[Ge9]4− + 2 NH3 ⇄ [HGe9]3− + NH3 + NH2− ⇄ [H2Ge9]2− + 2 NH2−
Sevov et al. assume that [Ge9]4− clusters are oxidized after dissolution. In solution they are then in an equilibrium with their oxidized species [Ge9]3− and [Ge9]2− and solvated electrons (Equation (1)) [31]. An oxidation state of −3 or −2 per [Ge9] cage can also be observed in dimers [Ge9-Ge9]6− [16,33,34], trimers [Ge9=Ge9=Ge9]6− [35,36], tetramers [Ge9=Ge9=Ge9=Ge9]8− [37,38] or in one-dimensionally extended [ ∞ 1 -Ge9-]2− [39,40,41] chains, which could be obtained by the oxidative coupling of [Ge9]4− anions. However, the protonation of [Ge9]4− clusters is also highly likely (Equation (2)). Here, [Ge9]4− can be considered as the base and [HGe9]3− as the formal conjugated acid. For the lighter and the heavier homologous elements of group 14, the formation of [HSi9]3− and [HSn9]3− has already been reported in the literature [15,32], as well as [H2Si9]2− [42] and a mixed Si/Ge species [H2(Si/Ge)9]2− [14]. Thus, it seemed highly likely that pure [Ge9]4− clusters would also undergo similar protolytic reactions.

2. Results and Discussion

The cluster compound [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3 could be observed after the extraction of Rb4Ge9 in liquid ammonia in the presence of two chelating agents [2.2.2]cryptand (4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane) and [18]crown−6 and the organocadmium compound CdPh2 (Appendix A). A single crystal X-ray structure diffraction study clearly revealed the presence of the first protonated nine-atom germanide cluster [HGe9]3−. Next to the anionic cluster, the asymmetric unit also contains three rubidium cations, which are sequestered by [18]crown−6 and [2.2.2]cryptand, and four ammonia molecules of crystallization. P21/n could be determined as the space group of the solvate structure. The space group was confirmed using PLATON [43]. In Table 1, the crystal structure and structure refinement details are listed.
The anionic part of the compound is represented by the [HGe9]3− cluster (Figure 1), which is the first protonated nine-atom germanide cluster to be reported to date. The Ge-Ge distances within the cage anion are listed in Table 2. The average atomic distance (d) has a value of 2.637 Å. This is in good accordance with previously reported germanide clusters [16,18]. The longest Ge-Ge bond lengths can be found in the central square plane (Ge5-Ge6, Ge5-Ge8, Ge6-Ge7, Ge7-Ge8, Table 2). In contrast, the shortest Ge-Ge atomic distances with values of 2.460(5) Å ((H-Ge1)-Ge2) and 2.529(4) Å ((H-Ge1)-Ge4) are observed in the basal square plane, which involve the germanium atom to which the hydrogen atom is attached. While these two bond lengths are reduced, the opposite two Ge-Ge distances in the basal square plane Ge2-Ge3 = 2.686(6) Å and Ge3-Ge4 = 2.681(6) Å (Figure 1) are elongated. This reaction of the bond lengths of the basal square plane of the cluster is an expected and already documented consequence of any functionalization by exo-bonded ligands [33,45,46,47,48,49]. Figure 2 shows the ligand-free (a,e) [50], protonated (b,f), coupled (c,g) [33] and twofold substituted (d,h) [51] germanide cluster with a view to the basal square plane and each rotated by 90°. The [Ge9]4− cluster, from which all listed cluster species can be derived, ideally shows C4v symmetry. Its shape can be best described as a one-capped square antiprism (Figure 2a,e). According to Wade´s electron counting rules [52,53], the [Ge9]4− anion can be considered as a nido cluster with 2n + 4 = 22 cluster-bonding electrons. Protonation, functionalization by one or two ligands or coupling of n [Ge9]4− anions causes a deviation from that ideal C4v symmetry to approximately C2v or Cs symmetry, as it is for the compound reported here (Figure 2). However, there is no fundamental change of the electronic situation and they remain 22-electron 9-vertex nido cluster species. Overall, the clusters only differ in the level of distortion of the basal square plane [51]. As mentioned above, functionalization by one ligand or protonation causes an elongation and reduction of two Ge-Ge atomic distances in the open face (Figure 2b,c,f,g). Thus, the clusters mostly adopt Cs symmetry. If two ligands are bonded on two facing germanium atoms (Figure 2d), the basal square plane undergoes an even greater compression (Figure 2h). This results in an overall shortening of the Ge-Ge atomic distances and they can be considered almost equal. As a result, the more symmetrical [R2-Ge9]2− clusters mostly adopt approximately C2v symmetry [48,49,54,55,56].
The germanide cluster in the described compound shows a slight orientational disorder that could be resolved by a 0.695:0.305 ratio. Due to the high quality of the single crystal X-ray data (Table 1), the proton of the [HGe9]3− cluster could be located unambiguously on the Fourier difference map. The Ge-H distance of 1.39(9) Å is slightly shorter than the values found in the literature (1.45(3) Å [57]). The proton is also located on a vertex germanium atom of the basal square plane, as it is supposed to be for [HSn9]3− [32], and found at [HSi9]3− [14,15].
The threefold negative charge of [HGe9]3− is compensated by two [Rb[2.2.2]crypt]+ and one [Rb[18]crown–6]+ complex. Due to the two different chelating agents, the anion and the cations are almost completely separated. Only Rb1 of the [Rb[18]crown-6]+ complex shows contact to the anion. It coordinates η4 like on the basal square plane of the cage, the site where electrophilic substitution is preferred [31]. The Rb-Ge distances range between 3.584(6)–3.740(2) Å. Rb1 is removed by 1.021 Å out of the mean plane of the crown ether molecule with Rb1-O distances of 2.873(3)–3.088(4) Å. Rb2 and Rb3 are sequestered by the [2.2.2]cryptand. The Rb-O distances of 2.846(3)–2.908(3) Å as well as the Rb-N distances of 2.990(3)–3.3.052(4) Å are in good accordance with the values found in the literature [12]. Additionally, there are four ammonia molecules of crystallization. Two of them refine to complete occupancy, the remaining two are 80% and 82% occupied.
Altogether, the [Rb[2.2.2]crypt]+ and the [Rb[18]crown–6]+ complexes form cavities along the crystallographic a- and b-axis, where the [HGe9]3− clusters and the ammonia molecules of crystallization are located (Figure 3).

3. Conclusions

We were able to synthesize and structurally characterize the first protonated germanide cluster [HGe9]3− in the compound [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3. The hydrogen atom could be located unambiguously in the Fourier difference map and is bonded to a vertex germanium atom of the basal square plane of the cluster, as has also been reported for the other group 14 species [HSi9]3− and [HSn9]3−.

Author Contributions

C.L. carried out experimental work (synthesis, crystallization, X-ray structure determination) and prepared the manuscript. N.K. designed and conceived the study.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A.

Appendix A.1. Experimental Details

All operations were carried out under an argon atmosphere using standard Schlenk and Glovebox techniques. Liquid ammonia was stored over sodium metal in a dry ice cooled Dewar vessel and was directly condensed on the reaction mixture. Germanium (irregular peaces, 99.999%, 5N, ABCR) was used as received. Rubidium was synthesized according to Hackspill [58] and distilled for purification. [18]crown−6 was sublimated under dynamic vacuum at 353 K. [2.2.2]cryptand (ABCR) was used without further purification. In the reaction mixtures containing the two chelating agents, crystals of the composition C12H24O6·2NH3 and C18H36O6N2·2NH3 could also be observed [59].

Appendix A.1.1. Synthesis of [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3

Synthesis of the precursor Rb4Ge9: The phase was synthesized via solid-state reaction. Ge (1.313 g, 18.071 mmol) and Rb (0.687 g, 8.035 mmol) were enclosed in tantalum containers and jacketed in an evacuated ampoule of fused silica. The containers were heated to 1223 K at a rate of 25 K·h−1. The temperature was maintained for 2 h. The ampoule was cooled down with a rate of 20 K·h−1. The precursor was stored in a glovebox under argon.
[Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3: 100 mg (0.100 mmol) of the precursor was dissolved in about 15 ml of anhydrous liquid ammonia together with 39.8 mg (0.151 mmol) [18]crown−6, 94.5 mg (0.251 mmol) [2.2.2]cryptand and 26.7 mg (0.100 mmol) CdPh2. The Schlenk tube was stored at 197 K. After several months, very few brownish crystals could be observed. The compound accounts for about 15% of the crystalline yield.

Appendix A.1.2. X-ray Diffraction Studies

The crystals are very temperature and moisture labile. To overcome the difficult handling, a technique developed by Kottke and Stalke, was used [60,61]. Crystals were directly isolated with a micro spatula from the reaction solutions into a recess of a glass slide containing perfluoroether oil, which was cooled by liquid nitrogen steam. Crystals were selected by means of a stereo microscope. An appropriate crystal was attached on a MicroLoop™ and placed on a goniometer head on the diffractometer. In Table 1, details of the single crystal X-Ray structure analysis are listed.
Due to the disorder of the cluster cage and the incomplete occupation of N7 and N8, SIMU restraints were applied. Hydrogen atoms were calculated and refined according to a riding model.

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Crystals 08 00374 g001 550
Figure 1. (a,b) Two different views of the anionic part of the compound [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3.
Figure 1. (a,b) Two different views of the anionic part of the compound [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3.
Crystals 08 00374 g001
Crystals 08 00374 g002 550
Figure 2. Comparison of different germanide cluster species with view to the basal square plane and rotation by 90°: (a,e) [Ge9]4− cluster in [K-(2,2)diaza-[18]-crown-6]K3Ge9·2en; (b,f) [HGe9]3− in [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3; (c,g) [(Ge9-Ge9)]6− in Cs4(K-crypt)2[(Ge9)-(Ge9)]·6en and (d,h) [Ph2Bi-(Ge9)-BiPh2]2− in (K-crypt)2[Ge9(BiPh2)2]·en.
Figure 2. Comparison of different germanide cluster species with view to the basal square plane and rotation by 90°: (a,e) [Ge9]4− cluster in [K-(2,2)diaza-[18]-crown-6]K3Ge9·2en; (b,f) [HGe9]3− in [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3; (c,g) [(Ge9-Ge9)]6− in Cs4(K-crypt)2[(Ge9)-(Ge9)]·6en and (d,h) [Ph2Bi-(Ge9)-BiPh2]2− in (K-crypt)2[Ge9(BiPh2)2]·en.
Crystals 08 00374 g002
Crystals 08 00374 g003 550
Figure 3. Projection of [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3 along the crystallographic a-axis. Anisotropic displacement ellipsoids at 50% probability level.
Figure 3. Projection of [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3 along the crystallographic a-axis. Anisotropic displacement ellipsoids at 50% probability level.
Crystals 08 00374 g003
Table
Table 1. Crystallographic data of [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3.
Table 1. Crystallographic data of [Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3.
Chemical Formula[Rb([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Rb([18]crown−6)][HGe9]·4NH3
CCDC No. *1858787
Mr [g·mol−1]1995.14
Crystal systemmonoclinic
Space groupP21/n
a [Å]13.8629(3)
b [Å]14.3533(3)
c [Å]38.8444(6)
α [°]90
β [°]95.899(2)
γ [°]90
V [Å3]7688.3(3)
Z4
F(000) (e)3960.0
ρcalc [g·cm−3]1.719
μ [mm−1]5.415
Absorption correction numerical [44]
Diffractometer (radiation source)MoKα (λ = 0.71073)
2θ-range for data collection [°]6.4–53.464
Reflections collected/independent130738/16301
Data/restraints/parameters16301/18/872
Goodness-of-fit on F21.110
Final R indices [I > 2σ(I)]R1 = 0.0476, wR2 = 0.0791
R indices (all data)R1 = 0.0762, wR2 = 0.0863
Rint0.0923
Δρmax, Δρmax [e·Å−3]0.76/−0.51
* Crystallographic data have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB21EZ, UK. Copies of the data can be obtained free of charge on quoting the depository number CCDC-1858787.
Table
Table 2. Distances [Å] within the anionic moiety [HGe9]3−.
Table 2. Distances [Å] within the anionic moiety [HGe9]3−.
Atom1-Atom2Distance (Å)Atom1-Atom2Distance (Å)
Ge1-H1.39(9)Ge4-Ge82.584(7)
Ge1-Ge22.460(5)Ge4-Ge52.693(6)
Ge1-Ge42.529(4)Ge5-Ge62.852(4)
Ge1-Ge52.600(5)Ge5-Ge82.788(7)
Ge1-Ge62.558(3)Ge5-Ge92.639(6)
Ge2-Ge32.686(6)Ge6-Ge72.758(3)
Ge2-Ge62.658(2)Ge6-Ge92.588(4)
Ge2-Ge72.553(3)Ge7-Ge82.874(5)
Ge3-Ge42.681(6)Ge7-Ge92.579(5)
Ge3-Ge72.551(6)Ge8-Ge92.576(6)
Ge3-Ge82.539(8)

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Lorenz, C.; Korber, N. Crystal Structure of the Protonated Germanide Cluster [HGe9]3−. Crystals 2018, 8, 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8100374

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Lorenz C, Korber N. Crystal Structure of the Protonated Germanide Cluster [HGe9]3−. Crystals. 2018; 8(10):374. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8100374

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Lorenz, Corinna, and Nikolaus Korber. 2018. "Crystal Structure of the Protonated Germanide Cluster [HGe9]3−" Crystals 8, no. 10: 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8100374

APA Style

Lorenz, C., & Korber, N. (2018). Crystal Structure of the Protonated Germanide Cluster [HGe9]3−. Crystals, 8(10), 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8100374

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