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Article

Four Thermochromic o-Hydroxy Schiff Bases of α-Aminodiphenylmethane: Solution and Solid State Study

by
Marija Zbačnik
1,*,
Katarina Pičuljan
1,
Jelena Parlov-Vuković
2,
Predrag Novak
1 and
Andreas Roodt
3
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
Refining and Marketing Development Sector, Central Testing Laboratory Department, INA Industrija nafte, d.d., Lovinčićeva 4, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
3
Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2017, 7(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst7010025
Submission received: 15 December 2016 / Revised: 9 January 2017 / Accepted: 11 January 2017 / Published: 14 January 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo- and Photochromic Molecular Crystals)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
More than a hundred years after the first studies of the photo- and thermochromism of o-hydroxy Schiff bases (imines), it is still an intriguing topic that fascinates several research groups around the world. The reasons for such behavior are still under investigation, and this work is a part of it. We report the solution-based and mechanochemical synthesis of four o-hydroxy imines derived from α-aminodiphenylmethane. The thermochromic properties were studied for the single crystal and polycrystalline samples of the imines. The supramolecular impact on the keto-enol tautomerism in the solid state was studied using SCXRD and NMR, while NMR spectroscopy was used for the solution state. All four imines are thermochromic, although the color changes of the single crystals are not as strong as of the polycrystalline samples. One of the imines shows negative thermochromism, and that one is in keto-amine tautomeric form, both in the solid state as in solution.

1. Introduction

There is nothing more beautiful and at the same time intriguing to the eye of a chemist than a color change upon a change in the environment. That is one of the reasons why numerous scientific groups have been studying thermo- and/or photochromism for more than 100 years [1,2,3,4]. The continuous interest in such properties in the solid state is to understand the origin of the chromic behavior, but moreover to use crystal engineering to manipulate or control their physico-chemical properties to design materials with better performance [5,6,7,8,9,10,11].
Among many compounds that exhibit thermo- and/or photochromism in the solid state, o-hydroxy aromatic imines or Schiff bases have been drawing special attention for a long time. N-substituted imines can be easily synthesized by condensation of aldehydes (or ketones) and primary amines [12] and used not only for the investigation of their physico-chemical properties, but also because of their well-recognized biological and pharmacological properties [9,13,14,15,16], as well as their metal complexes [17]. There are three mutually-dependent reasons for such behavior in the solid state described in the literature: (a) proton transfer via intramolecular O···N hydrogen bonds and thus (b) the change of the tautomeric form [18,19,20,21,22,23] and (c) the contribution of fluorescence and not only of light absorption as a consequence of the tautomeric change and the change in molecular geometry [24]. Another intriguing “well-known fact” about thermo- and/or photochromism of o-hydroxy Schiff bases is that these two phenomena are mutually exclusive and that imines with planar molecules (dihedral angle between aromatic subunits φ < 25°) should be thermochromic and ones with non-planar molecules (φ > 25°) should be photochromic [18,19,20,21]. The above-mentioned reasons and facts are the motives why scientists are still trying to either reaffirm them or to find o-hydroxy imines in which these reasons cannot be strictly determined, but the imines do show such a chromic change [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. It should be pointed out that the empirical rule on the molecular (non)planarity should not be applied to o-hydroxy Schiff bases obtained from benzylamine derivatives and aliphatic amines, as stated before in the literature [25,26,28,30]. This group of o-hydroxy imines have a –CH– group as a spacer between the imine nitrogen atom and the aromatic ring, and thus, the electronic conjugation is disrupted, meaning that the electron density on the imine N-atom is crucial to thermochromism. On the other hand, the research of prosperous methods of synthesis, such as mechanochemical ones, provides new insights into faster and ecologically and economically more acceptable ways to prepare new, but also already known compounds [33]. Various Schiff bases have been obtained in such a manner by neat (NG), liquid-assisted (LAG) and seeding-assisted (SEAG) grinding [30,31,32,34,35,36].
Herein, we report solvent-free and solution-based syntheses of four o-hydroxy Schiff bases obtained from salicylaldehyde derivatives (o-, m- and p-hydroxy salicylaldehyde, oOHsal, mOHsal, pOHsal, and m-vanillin, mvan) and α-aminodiphenylmethane (adpm), as well as the investigation of their thermochromic properties. The effectiveness of the used synthetic method was studied by means of PXRD, DSC and TG analyses. Their thermochromic properties were checked by repeated exposure to temperature change from room to liquid-nitrogen temperature. The supramolecular impact on the keto-enol tautomerism (Scheme 1) was studied using SCXRD and solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
Multinuclear (1H, 13C, 15N) NMR spectroscopy is the most commonly-used experimental method to study keto-enol tautomeric equilibrium in ortho-hydroxy Schiff bases [37,38,39,40,41]. The nitrogen chemical shift, δN, is very sensitive to intramolecular proton transfer and therefore to the change in the tautomeric equilibrium in o-hydroxy Schiff bases. The keto-enol tautomerism is characterized by the protonation of the imine nitrogen leading to a large upfield shift of the nitrogen signal, for more than 100 ppm. A typical δN value for pure OH-form, without the intramolecular O‒H···N H–bond, is approximately 330 ppm (referenced to the NH3(l)). The existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds shifts the imine nitrogen signal upfield to a value of about 280 ppm, characteristic for OH-forms with localized intramolecular O‒H···N hydrogen bonds. Stronger hydrogen bonds and/or the proton transfer from the parent hydroxyl oxygen to the imine nitrogen atom causes a further δN upfield shift. δN values lower than 180 ppm (to 140 ppm) are characteristic for pure NH-forms. In general, the proton transfer from an oxygen to a nitrogen atom results in nitrogen signal upfield shift and carbon C2 signal downfield shift (higher δC2 value). Typical δC2 values are about 150 ppm for pure OH-form and about 180 ppm for pure NH-form, but these are strongly influenced by the nature of aryl ring substituents in ortho-hydroxy Schiff bases. In addition to δN and δC2, the chemical shift of the OH/NH proton, δXH, is qualitative evidence for the presence of intramolecular O···H···N hydrogen bonds in ortho-hydroxy imines. Generally, the protons that participate in intramolecular H-bonds show higher values of chemical shifts compared to the structures without the intramolecular H-bond. However, it is not possible to define the exact position of the protons in H-bonds only on the basis of the δXH value. In ortho-hydroxy Schiff bases, the δXH values were observed in the range 7‒18 ppm; values in the range 12–18 ppm strongly indicate the presence of intramolecular O···H···N hydrogen bond.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Syntheses

In all four cases, a 1 mmol:1 mmol stoichiometric ratio of aldehyde and amine was used in order to obtain the Schiff base. Syntheses were performed at room temperature (25 °C) and at 40%–60% relative humidity. Bulk products of syntheses and recrystallization were characterized by means of PXRD, DSC and TGA (Figure C1, Figure C2, Figure C3, Figure C4 and Figure C5) and solution and solid state NMR. The systematic names and acronyms of the compounds are listed in Table A2, while the details on synthetic procedures are given in Appendix B. Photographs of the grinding experiments and the results of the PXRD experiments are shown in Figure 1.
Mechanochemical syntheses of all four imines reported here were successful. There are no diffraction maxima of the used aldehydes in the PXRD patterns, indicating that the imines were obtained as pure crystalline phases. Neat grinding (NG) of oOHsal and adpm in an agate mortar leads first to an orange moist paste-like reaction mixture, which starts to solidify after 2 min. An orange powder identified as oOHsaladpm was obtained in 6 min of grinding. The conversion to oOHsaladpm by grinding was complete according to the PXRD patterns, and the data are in good agreement with the bulk obtained from chloroform. A yellow paste-like mixture stable for 10 min was obtained by means NG of mOHsal and adpm. The mixture then starts to solidify giving a yellow powder product in 16 min from the start. Mechanochemical synthesis of mOHsaladpm was complete, and the PXRD data of the powder product are in good agreement with the data of the bulk material obtained by crystallization experiments using acetone. NG of equimolar quantities of pOHsal and adpm afforded an orange paste, which converts to an orange powder product in 13 min. The conversion to pOHsaladpm was complete as revealed by PXRD experiments, and the diffraction maxima are in good agreement with the maxima of the bulk obtained by crystallization experiment using EtOH. The mvanadpm was obtained in quantitative yield by NG for 3 min as a yellowish-green powder, which gradually changes its color to light-yellow in 30 min. PXRD data of both obtained materials are in good agreement with the corresponding bulk obtained by crystallization experiments using ethanol.
The solution-based syntheses were performed according to the detailed procedures given in Appendix B in order to obtain single crystals by slow evaporation of solvent for structure analysis by means of SCXRD. The aldehydes (1 mmol) were dissolved in suitable solvents, and adpm (1 mmol) was added to the solution. The vial was then left semi-closed at RT for the solvent to evaporate. PXRD data were collected after solvent evaporation (Figure 1).

2.2. Structural Analysis and Thermochromism

General and crystallographic data for all compounds and hydrogen bond geometry data are given in Appendix B, Table B1, Table B2, Table B3, Table B4, Table B5 and Table B6. Thermal ellipsoid plots showing the atom-labelling schemes are given in Figure B1, while the electron density maps are presented in Figure B2. Packing diagrams are shown in Figure B3, Figure B4 and Figure B5.
The thermochromic properties of the imines were checked by repeated exposure to a temperature change from room to liquid-nitrogen temperature. The samples of powder products were put in test tubes and submerged repeatedly into liquid nitrogen (77 K), while the thermochromism of the single crystals was studied at 298 K and 150 K. The results are presented in Figure 2, showing that all four imines show reversible thermochromism. mOHsaladpm shows negative thermochromism (Figure 2b), which is rare, although the same phenomenon was reported for the Schiff base derived from salicylaldehyde and adpm [30]. The color of the mOHsaladpm crystal changes from light yellow to yellow upon cooling to 150 K, while the powder becomes pale orange at 77 K. The color of the crystal of pOHsaladpm does not differ considerably by cooling from 298 K down to 150 K, but the color of the powder sample changes from brownish-orange to yellow by cooling to 77 K. A small structural change, e.g., the position of a hydroxy group or a change to a methoxy group on the aldehyde moiety, was shown to be a good strategy for the design of new thermochromic Schiff bases.
Single crystal X-ray analysis of the four imines showed that there are conformational differences in their molecules (Figure 2e). The molecular overlay and dihedral angles between the aromatic rings being from 45°–90° (Table B2) illustrate the deviation from the planarity of the molecules, although one should take into consideration that all of them are actually benzylamine derivatives and thus contain a –CH– group as a spacer between the imine N-atom and the aromatic subunits [25,26,30]. The tautomer present in the solid state was determined according to the C2–O1 and C7–N1 bond length criterion (Table B2), and the position of the hydrogen atom (H1) was located from the electron density map (Figure B2).
oOHsaladpm crystallizes in the P 1 ¯ space group of the triclinic system with two molecules per unit cell. The molecules are found to be in enol-imine tautomeric form connected via O2–H2···O1 and weak C10–H10···O2 (Table B3) into discrete centrosymmetric dimers (Figure 3a). There are no other significant interactions in the crystal structure of oOHsaladpm, since the shortest one is actually C17–H17···π (C11–C12) of 3.635 Å in length. The fingerprint plot of oOHsaladpm shows that the crystal packing is governed by H···H (54%) and C···H (33%) intermolecular contacts (Figure 3b). The packing diagram of oOHsaladpm molecules is shown in Figure B3.
mOHsaladpm crystallizes in the P21/c space group of the monoclinic system with four molecules per unit cell. The molecules are found to be in the keto-amine tautomeric form, and the O1 atom is a tetrafurcated acceptor of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The molecules are connected via O2–H2···O1 and three C–H···O (Table B4, Figure 4a) into a network (Figure B4). The intermolecular O2–H2···O1 and C3–H3···O1 interactions between the molecules of mOHsaladpm are shorter than the intramolecular N1–H1···O1 hydrogen bond; thus, supramolecular influence on the proton transfer from the parent O1 atom to the N1 atom is facilitated in the solid state [32]. The fingerprint plot of mOHsaladpm shows that the crystal packing is directed by H···H (51%) and C···H (32%) intermolecular contacts, but it should be stated that the percentage of the O···H (15%) contacts in this compound is bigger than in other ones reported here (Figure 4b).
pOHsaladpm crystallizes in the P21/c space group of monoclinic system with four molecules per unit cell. The molecules are found to be in enol-imine tautomeric form. Two chains of the molecules of pOHsaladpm spread via [010] and [001] direction forming sheets (Table B5, Figure 5a) by means of O2–H2···O1, C13–H13···π (3.62 Å) and C3–H3···O1 contacts, respectively. The sheets are further connected into a network by means of C13–H13···π (3.68 Å) contacts (Figure B5) The fingerprint plot of pOHsaladpm shows that the crystal packing is again ruled by H···H (51%) and C···H (34%) intermolecular contacts, while the percentage of the O···H contacts (13%) in this compound is quite high (Figure 5b).
mvanadpm crystallizes in the P21/c space group of the monoclinic system with four molecules per unit cell, and the molecules are in enol-imine tautomeric form, while the O1 atom does not participate in intermolecular bonding. There is only one very weak interaction in the crystal structure of mvanadpm, namely C21–H21c···Cg(C1–C2–C3–C4–C5–C6), 3.508 Å. The fingerprint plot of mvanadpm shows that the crystal packing (Figure B6) is reigned by means of H···H (49%) and C···H (37%) intermolecular contacts (Figure 6b).

2.3. NMR Study

Selected solid and solution state NMR study results of the investigated compounds are presented in Table 1, and all spectra are given in Appendix D, Figure D1, Figure D2, Figure D3, Figure D4, Figure D5, Figure D6, Figure D7, Figure D8, Figure D9, Figure D10, Figure D11 and Figure D12. One set of signals observed in 13C CP-MAS spectra of all investigated compounds (Figure D5, Figure D6, Figure D7, Figure D8, Figure D9, Figure D10, Figure D11 and Figure D12) and corresponding δC2 values support the single-crystal X-ray diffraction results; enol-imine tautomeric form for oOHsaladpm (δC2 = 152.37 ppm), pOHsaladpm (δC2 = 160.50 ppm) and mvanadpm (δC2 = 168.13 ppm) and keto-amine tautomeric form for mOHsaladpm (δC2 = 182.19 ppm) in the solid state.
1H, 13C and 15N-NMR solution study indicated the presence of the enol-imine tautomeric form with the intramolecular O‒H···N hydrogen bond in CDCl3 and DMSO-d6 solutions of all four investigated compounds; the measured δN1 values are in the range of 280.7–306.9 ppm in CDCl3, 288.6–308.4 in DMSO-d6, in addition to strongly deshielded proton OH signals in the range of 12.97–14.12 ppm in CDCl3 and 12.57–13.98 in DMSO-d6. δC2 values of oOHsaladpm, pOHsaladpm and mvanadpm do not differ significantly in the solid state and in solution, supporting the same tautomeric form of those compounds in all investigated phases. On the other hand, the C2 signal of mOHsaladpm in CDCl3 and DMSO-d6 is observed at almost a 20-ppm lower value compared to the corresponding solid state signal, supporting the change of the keto-amine tautomeric form observed in the solid state. The lowest δN1 values in combination with the highest δOH values are observed for mOHsaladpm and mvanadpm, both in CDCl3 and DMSO-d6, indicating a stronger intramolecular H-bond compared to the other two investigated compounds. This can be explained by the increased basicity of imine nitrogen atom due to electron donor effect of CH3O/OH substituents in para-position.

4. Materials and Methods

Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) experiments were performed on a PHILIPS PW 1840 X-ray diffractometer (Philips Analytical B. V., Almelo, The Netherlands) with CuKα1 (1.54056 Å) radiation at 40 mA and 40 kV. The scattered intensities were measured with a scintillation counter. The angular range (2θ) was from 5–45° with steps of 0.02°, and the measuring time was 0.5 s per step. The data collection and analysis were performed using the program package Philips X’Pert [42,43,44].
Crystal and molecular structures were determined at 298 K using single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). Diffraction measurements were made on an Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur Kappa CCD X-ray diffractometer (Oxford Diffraction, Oxford, UK) with graphite-monochromated MoKα (λ = 0.71073 Å) radiation, and the instrument was operated using CrysAlis CCD and RED [45]. The datasets were collected using the ω scan mode over the 2θ range up to 54°. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined using the SHELXS and SHELXL programs, respectively [46]. The structural refinement was performed on F2 using all data. Hydrogen atoms not involved in hydrogen bonding were placed in calculated positions and treated as riding on their parent atoms (C–H = 0.93 Å and Uiso(H) = 1.2 Ueq(C); C–H = 0.97 Å and Uiso(H) = 1.2 Ueq(C)), while the others were located from the electron difference map (Figure B2). All calculations were performed using the WinGX crystallographic suite of programs [47]. The data concerning the results of the crystallographic experiments are listed in Table B1. Further details are available from the Cambridge Crystallographic Centre (CCDC Deposition Numbers 1509517, 1509518, 1509519 and 1509521). Molecular structures of compounds (Figure B1) and their packing diagrams (Figure B3, Figure B4, Figure B5 and Figure B6) were prepared using Mercury [48].
Solid state NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance 300 spectrometer (Bruker, Rheinstetten, Germany) equipped with a 4-mm broad-band magic angle spinning (MAS) probe. The samples for 13C CP-MAS spectra were spun at the magic angle with 10 kHz. External references were adamantane and glycine. The spectra were acquired with 8000 scans and a repetition delay of 7 s.
1D (1H, 13C-DEPTq) and 2D (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, 1H–15N-HMBC) solution state NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance III HD 400 MHz/54 mm Ascend spectrometer (Bruker, Rheinstetten, Germany) equipped with a 5-mm PA BBI 1H/D-BB Z-GRAD probe head. All measurements were performed at 298 K using standard Bruker pulse programs. CDCl3 and DMSO-d6 were used as solvents and TMS as the internal standard for proton and carbon chemical shifts. Nitrogen chemical shifts were extracted from 2D 1H–15N-HMBC spectra and reported relative to liquid ammonia.

5. Conclusions

Since the beginnings of the investigation of o-hydroxy Schiff base thermochromism, it was thought that imines with non-planar molecular geometry cannot show such phenomenon and that such molecules should be photochromic [1,2,4,18,19,20,21]. In the past decade, many non-planar o-hydroxy Schiff bases derived from benzylamine derivatives were synthesized and reported as thermochromic. There is still a general consensus that the deviation from the planarity, the dihedral angle between the aromatic subunits, can be up to 25° [25,26] for aniline derivatives, while o-hydroxy imines with a spacer between the imine N-atom and the aromatic rings of the corresponding amine are excluded from that empirical rule [27,28]. The accepted mechanism for thermochromism is a temperature-dependent keto-enol tautomeric change between an uncolored enol form and a yellow cis-keto form, while the existence of the trans-keto form changes the color to red [27,28]. In many cases, keto-amine forms were not found in the crystal structure o-hydroxy Schiff bases; in some cases, the molecules are in keto tautomeric form, and the samples are not of the expected color; and in some cases, keto-enol tautomeric equilibrium was found, and its position is affected by a temperature change without a color change; the postulates of Schiff base thermochromism are still taken as definite facts. The influence of the crystal packing is one of them. There are a few recent reports on photo- and thermo-chromism influenced by supramolecular interactions in crystals and co-crystals of o-hydroxy Schiff bases [5,7,10,11,27,30,32,49]. A rationalization of the intermolecular interactions has shown the influence of the molecular packing on the chromic properties and keto-enol tautomerism. Because of all that has been stated, the postulates of the Schiff base thermochromism should be thoroughly revised, while this work is one of those showing that imines derived from benzylamine derivatives can show thermochromism and that keto-enol tautomerism is under an impact of strong intermolecular interactions.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the University of Zagreb, Croatia, and the University of the Free State, South Africa.

Author Contributions

Marija Zbačnik and Katarina Pičuljan conceived and designed the experiments; Marija Zbačnik, Katarina Pičuljan and Jelena Parlov-Vuković performed the experiments; Marija Zbačnik and Katarina Pičuljan analyzed the data; Marija Zbačnik, Katarina Pičuljan, Jelena Parlov-Vuković, Predrag Novak and Andreas Roodt contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; Marija Zbačnik, Katarina Pičuljan, Jelena Parlov-Vuković, Predrag Novak and Andreas Roodt wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; nor in the decision to publish the results.

Appendix A. Starting Materials, Systematic Names and Abbreviations

All reagents and solvents were purchased from commercial sources and used as received. Table A1 comprises all starting materials and solvents used for syntheses, crystallization or grinding experiments. Table A2 comprises systematic names of the obtained compounds.
Table
Table A1. Starting materials used for various experiments.
Table A1. Starting materials used for various experiments.
NameAcronymManufacturer
2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehydeoOHAldrich
2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehydemOHAldrich
2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehydepOHAldrich
Meta-vanillinmvanAldrich
α-aminodiphenylmethaneadpmAldrich
AcetoneaceCLARO-PROM
ChloroformchlKemika
EthanolEtOHKemika
Table
Table A2. Systematic names and acronyms of the compounds reported in this work.
Table A2. Systematic names and acronyms of the compounds reported in this work.
AcronymSYSTEMATIC NAME
oOHadpm3-(Benzhydrylimino-methyl)-benzene-1,2-diol
mOHadpm6-[(Benzhydryl-amino)-methylene]-3-hydroxy-cyclohexa-2,4-dienone
pOHadpm2-(Benzhydrylimino-methyl)-benzene-1,4-diol
mvanadpm2-(Benzhydrylimino-methyl)-5-methoxy-phenol

Appendix B. Crystallographic Study

Table
Table B1. General and crystallographic data for compounds reported in this work.
Table B1. General and crystallographic data for compounds reported in this work.
AcronymoOHsaladpmmOHsaladpmpOHsaladpmmvanadpm
Structural formula Crystals 07 00025 i001 Crystals 07 00025 i002 Crystals 07 00025 i003 Crystals 07 00025 i004
Molecular formulaC20H17NO2C20H17NO2C20H17NO2C21H19NO2
Mr303.35303.35303.35317.37
Crystal systemTriclinicMonoclinic
Space groupP 1 ¯ P21/c
a/Å5.9123(4)13.7525(7)13.7483(10)17.1517(5)
b/Å11.2287(7)9.8109(4)10.8460(5)6.0402(2)
c/Å12.0481(7)17.6387(9)11.5168(8)16.5078(5)
α/°92.719(5)90
β/°91.521(5)138.286(3)113.745(8)93.783(3)
γ/°91.338(5)90
V/Å3798.42(9)1583.61(15)1571.9(2)1706.48(9)
Z24
Dcalc/g·cm−31.2621.2721.2821.235
λ(MoKα)/Å0.71073
μ/mm−10.0810.0820.0830.079
Crystal size/mm0.91 × 0.25 × 0.240.81 × 0.19 × 0.060.91 × 0.37 × 0.080.67 × 0.44 × 0.25
F(000)320640640672
Refl. collected/unique8332/34596195/27389983/339810,616/2984
No. of restraints0010
Parameters216216216223
R[F2 ≥ 2σ (F2)]0.03750.03420.03930.0324
wR(F 2)0.09820.06700.09160.0918
Goodness-of-fit, S0.8420.8160.8230.916
CCDC deposition number1509517150951815095191509521
Table
Table B2. Values of C2–O1 and C7–N1 bond distances and of dihedral angles (dihedral angle: the angle between best planes calculated trough: φ1, C1–C6 and C9–C14 rings; φ2, C1–C6 and C15–C20 rings).
Table B2. Values of C2–O1 and C7–N1 bond distances and of dihedral angles (dihedral angle: the angle between best planes calculated trough: φ1, C1–C6 and C9–C14 rings; φ2, C1–C6 and C15–C20 rings).
Compoundd(C2–O1)/Åd(C7–N1)/Åφ1/°φ2/°
oOHsaladpm1.352(2)1.274(2)65.30(4)70.69(4)
mOHsaladpm1.298(0)1.305(0)88.76(0)78.54(0)
pOHsaladpm1.362(1)1.280(1)89.95(0)76.71(0)
mvanadpm1.348(2)1.276(2)45.02(4)72.65(4)
Table
Table B3. Hydrogen bond geometry (Å, °) in compound oOHsaladpm. D, donor atom; A, acceptor atom.
Table B3. Hydrogen bond geometry (Å, °) in compound oOHsaladpm. D, donor atom; A, acceptor atom.
D–H∙∙∙Ad(D∙∙∙A)/Å ∠ (D–H∙∙∙A)/°Symmetry Operator
O1–H1∙∙∙N1 *2.562(1)152(2)x, y, z
O2–H2∙∙∙O12.794(1)150(2)−x, −y + 2, −z + 1
C10–H10∙∙∙O23.533(2)135(0)−x, −y + 2, −z + 1
* Intramolecular.
Table
Table B4. Hydrogen bond geometry (Å, °) in compound mOHsaladpm.
Table B4. Hydrogen bond geometry (Å, °) in compound mOHsaladpm.
D–H∙∙∙Ad(D∙∙∙A)/Å ∠ (D–H∙∙∙A)/°Symmetry Operator
N1–H1∙∙∙O1 *2.594(0)141.34(0)x, y, z
O2–H2∙∙∙O12.572(0)172.49(0)−x, y + 1/2, −z + 1/2 + 1
C18–H18∙∙∙O13.504(0)155.82(0)−x + 1, −y + 1, −z + 1
C11–H11∙∙∙O13.534(0)166.18(0)-x, y − 1, z + 2
C3–H3∙∙∙O12.691(0)121.56(0)−x, y + 1/2, −z + 1/2 + 1
C8–H8∙∙∙O23.397(0)177.69(0)x, y − 1, z
* Intramolecular.
Table
Table B5. Hydrogen bond geometry (Å, °) in compound pOHsaladpm.
Table B5. Hydrogen bond geometry (Å, °) in compound pOHsaladpm.
D–H∙∙∙Ad(D∙∙∙A)/Å ∠ (D–H∙∙∙A)/°Symmetry Operator
O1–H1∙∙∙N1 *2.539(0)149.97(0)x, y, z
O2–H2∙∙∙O12.801(0)166.19(0)−x, y + 1/2, −z + 1/2
C3–H3∙∙∙O23.456(0)138.80(0)x, −y + 1/2 + 1, z − 1/2
* Intramolecular.
Table
Table B6. Hydrogen bond geometry (Å, °) in compound mvanadpm.
Table B6. Hydrogen bond geometry (Å, °) in compound mvanadpm.
D–H∙∙∙Ad(D∙∙∙A)/Å ∠ (D–H∙∙∙A)/°Symmetry Operator
O1–H1∙∙∙N1 *2.613(1)148(2)x, y, z
* Intramolecular.
Crystals 07 00025 g007a 550Crystals 07 00025 g007b 550
Figure B1. Thermal ellipsoids (50%) plots of (a) oOHsaladpm, (b) mOHsaladpm, (c) pOHsaladpm and (d) mvanadpm showing atom-labelling schemes. H atoms are shown as small spheres of arbitrary radius.
Figure B1. Thermal ellipsoids (50%) plots of (a) oOHsaladpm, (b) mOHsaladpm, (c) pOHsaladpm and (d) mvanadpm showing atom-labelling schemes. H atoms are shown as small spheres of arbitrary radius.
Crystals 07 00025 g007aCrystals 07 00025 g007b
Crystals 07 00025 g008 550
Figure B2. Contour δF maps calculated through N1–C7–C1–C2–O1 chelate rings of (a) oOHsaladpm, (b) mOHsaladpm, (c) pOHsaladpm and (d) mvanadpm with pronounced maximum representing the residual electron density corresponding to the position of the H1 atom in the intramolecular H-bond.
Figure B2. Contour δF maps calculated through N1–C7–C1–C2–O1 chelate rings of (a) oOHsaladpm, (b) mOHsaladpm, (c) pOHsaladpm and (d) mvanadpm with pronounced maximum representing the residual electron density corresponding to the position of the H1 atom in the intramolecular H-bond.
Crystals 07 00025 g008
Crystals 07 00025 g009 550
Figure B3. Packing diagram for oOHsaladpm.
Figure B3. Packing diagram for oOHsaladpm.
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Crystals 07 00025 g010 550
Figure B4. Packing diagram for mOHsaladpm.
Figure B4. Packing diagram for mOHsaladpm.
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Crystals 07 00025 g011 550
Figure B5. Packing diagram for pOHsaladpm.
Figure B5. Packing diagram for pOHsaladpm.
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Crystals 07 00025 g012 550
Figure B6. Packing diagram for mvanadpm.
Figure B6. Packing diagram for mvanadpm.
Crystals 07 00025 g012

Appendix C. Thermal Study

DSC measurements were performed on a Mettler Toledo DSC823e module and TG experiments on a Mettler Toledo TGA/SDTA 851 thermobalance in sealed aluminum pans (40 μL), heated in flowing nitrogen (200 mL·min−1) at a rate of 10 °C·min−1. The data collection and analysis was performed using the program package STARe Software 14.00 [45].
Crystals 07 00025 g013 550
Figure C1. DSC curves of oOHsaladpm (purple), mOHsaladpm (blue), pOHsaladpm (turquoise) and mvanadpm (green).
Figure C1. DSC curves of oOHsaladpm (purple), mOHsaladpm (blue), pOHsaladpm (turquoise) and mvanadpm (green).
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Crystals 07 00025 g014 550
Figure C2. DSC, TG, SDTA and DTG curves of oOHsaladpm.
Figure C2. DSC, TG, SDTA and DTG curves of oOHsaladpm.
Crystals 07 00025 g014
Crystals 07 00025 g015 550
Figure C3. DSC, TG, SDTA and DTG curves of mOHsaladpm.
Figure C3. DSC, TG, SDTA and DTG curves of mOHsaladpm.
Crystals 07 00025 g015
Crystals 07 00025 g016 550
Figure C4. DSC, TG, SDTA and DTG curves of pOHsaladpm.
Figure C4. DSC, TG, SDTA and DTG curves of pOHsaladpm.
Crystals 07 00025 g016
Crystals 07 00025 g017 550
Figure C5. DSC, TG, SDTA and DTG curves of mvanadpm.
Figure C5. DSC, TG, SDTA and DTG curves of mvanadpm.
Crystals 07 00025 g017

Appendix D. NMR Study

Crystals 07 00025 g018 550
Figure D1. 1H-NMR spectra of oOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Figure D1. 1H-NMR spectra of oOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Crystals 07 00025 g018
Crystals 07 00025 g019 550
Figure D2. 1H-NMR spectra of mOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Figure D2. 1H-NMR spectra of mOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Crystals 07 00025 g019
Crystals 07 00025 g020 550
Figure D3. 1H-NMR spectra of pOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Figure D3. 1H-NMR spectra of pOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Crystals 07 00025 g020
Crystals 07 00025 g021 550
Figure D4. 1H-NMR spectra of mvanadpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Figure D4. 1H-NMR spectra of mvanadpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Crystals 07 00025 g021
Crystals 07 00025 g022 550
Figure D5. A comparison of solid state 13C CP-MAS spectrum of oOHsaladpm (a) with solution state 13C-DEPTq spectra in CDCl3 (b) and DMSO-d6 (c).
Figure D5. A comparison of solid state 13C CP-MAS spectrum of oOHsaladpm (a) with solution state 13C-DEPTq spectra in CDCl3 (b) and DMSO-d6 (c).
Crystals 07 00025 g022
Crystals 07 00025 g023 550
Figure D6. A comparison of solid state 13C CP-MAS spectrum of mOHsaladpm (a) with solution state 13C-DEPTq spectra in CDCl3 (b) and DMSO-d6 (c).
Figure D6. A comparison of solid state 13C CP-MAS spectrum of mOHsaladpm (a) with solution state 13C-DEPTq spectra in CDCl3 (b) and DMSO-d6 (c).
Crystals 07 00025 g023
Crystals 07 00025 g024 550
Figure D7. A comparison of solid state 13C CP-MAS spectrum of pOHsaladpm (a) with solution state 13C-DEPTq spectra in CDCl3 (b) and DMSO-d6 (c).
Figure D7. A comparison of solid state 13C CP-MAS spectrum of pOHsaladpm (a) with solution state 13C-DEPTq spectra in CDCl3 (b) and DMSO-d6 (c).
Crystals 07 00025 g024
Crystals 07 00025 g025 550
Figure D8. A comparison of solid state 13C CP-MAS spectrum of mvanadpm (a) with solution state 13C-DEPTq spectra in CDCl3 (b) and DMSO-d6 (c).
Figure D8. A comparison of solid state 13C CP-MAS spectrum of mvanadpm (a) with solution state 13C-DEPTq spectra in CDCl3 (b) and DMSO-d6 (c).
Crystals 07 00025 g025
Crystals 07 00025 g026 550
Figure D9. 1H–15N HMBC NMR spectra of oOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Figure D9. 1H–15N HMBC NMR spectra of oOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Crystals 07 00025 g026
Crystals 07 00025 g027 550
Figure D10. 1H–15N HMBC NMR spectra of mOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Figure D10. 1H–15N HMBC NMR spectra of mOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Crystals 07 00025 g027
Crystals 07 00025 g028 550
Figure D11. 1H–15N HMBC NMR spectra of pOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Figure D11. 1H–15N HMBC NMR spectra of pOHsaladpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Crystals 07 00025 g028
Crystals 07 00025 g029 550
Figure D12. 1H–15N HMBC NMR spectra of mvanadpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Figure D12. 1H–15N HMBC NMR spectra of mvanadpm in (a) CDCl3 and (b) DMSO-d6.
Crystals 07 00025 g029

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Crystals 07 00025 sch001 550
Scheme 1. View of molecular structures and keto-enol tautomeric equilibrium of four o-hydroxy imines derived from α-aminodiphenylmethane. sal, salicylaldehyde; adpm, aminodiphenylmethane; mvan, m-vanillin.
Scheme 1. View of molecular structures and keto-enol tautomeric equilibrium of four o-hydroxy imines derived from α-aminodiphenylmethane. sal, salicylaldehyde; adpm, aminodiphenylmethane; mvan, m-vanillin.
Crystals 07 00025 sch001
Crystals 07 00025 g001 550
Figure 1. PXRD patterns of aldehydes and products of mechanochemical- and solution-based syntheses along with the calculated patterns (top) and photographs of the grinding experiments (bottom) for (a) oOHsaladpm; (b) mOHsaladpm; (c) pOHsaladpm and (d) mvanadpm.
Figure 1. PXRD patterns of aldehydes and products of mechanochemical- and solution-based syntheses along with the calculated patterns (top) and photographs of the grinding experiments (bottom) for (a) oOHsaladpm; (b) mOHsaladpm; (c) pOHsaladpm and (d) mvanadpm.
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Crystals 07 00025 g002 550
Figure 2. Photographs of single crystals and grinding products of (a) oOHsaladpm, (b) mOHsaladpm, (c) pOHsaladpm and (d) mvanadpm at 298, 150 and 77 K and (e) the view of the molecular overlay of oOHsaladpm (orange), mOHsaladpm (green), pOHsaladpm (blue) and mvanadpm (violet).
Figure 2. Photographs of single crystals and grinding products of (a) oOHsaladpm, (b) mOHsaladpm, (c) pOHsaladpm and (d) mvanadpm at 298, 150 and 77 K and (e) the view of the molecular overlay of oOHsaladpm (orange), mOHsaladpm (green), pOHsaladpm (blue) and mvanadpm (violet).
Crystals 07 00025 g002
Crystals 07 00025 g003 550
Figure 3. View of (a) a centrosymmetric dimer of oOHsaladpm molecules formed by means of O–H···O and C–H···O interactions and (b) the 2D-fingerprint plot with marked corresponding regions: green arrow for C···H contacts, red arrows for O···H contacts, yellow arrow for C···C contacts and violet arrow for H···H contacts.
Figure 3. View of (a) a centrosymmetric dimer of oOHsaladpm molecules formed by means of O–H···O and C–H···O interactions and (b) the 2D-fingerprint plot with marked corresponding regions: green arrow for C···H contacts, red arrows for O···H contacts, yellow arrow for C···C contacts and violet arrow for H···H contacts.
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Crystals 07 00025 g004 550
Figure 4. View of (a) a tetramer of mOHsaladpm molecules formed by means of O–H···O and C–H···O interactions and (b) the 2D-fingerprint plot with marked corresponding regions: green arrow for C···H contacts, red arrows for O···H contacts, yellow arrow for C···C contacts and violet arrow for H···H contacts.
Figure 4. View of (a) a tetramer of mOHsaladpm molecules formed by means of O–H···O and C–H···O interactions and (b) the 2D-fingerprint plot with marked corresponding regions: green arrow for C···H contacts, red arrows for O···H contacts, yellow arrow for C···C contacts and violet arrow for H···H contacts.
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Crystals 07 00025 g005 550
Figure 5. View of (a) chains of pOHsaladpm molecules formed by means of O–H···O and C–H···O interactions and (b) the 2D-fingerprint plot with marked corresponding regions: green arrow for C···H contacts, red arrows for O···H contacts, yellow arrow for C···C contacts and violet arrow for H···H contacts.
Figure 5. View of (a) chains of pOHsaladpm molecules formed by means of O–H···O and C–H···O interactions and (b) the 2D-fingerprint plot with marked corresponding regions: green arrow for C···H contacts, red arrows for O···H contacts, yellow arrow for C···C contacts and violet arrow for H···H contacts.
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Crystals 07 00025 g006 550
Figure 6. View of (a) a centrosymmetric dimer of mvanadpm molecules formed by means of C–H···Cg(C1 to C6) contacts and (b) the 2D-fingerprint plot with marked corresponding regions: green arrow for C···H contacts, red arrows for O···H contacts, yellow arrow for C···C contacts and violet arrow for H···H contacts.
Figure 6. View of (a) a centrosymmetric dimer of mvanadpm molecules formed by means of C–H···Cg(C1 to C6) contacts and (b) the 2D-fingerprint plot with marked corresponding regions: green arrow for C···H contacts, red arrows for O···H contacts, yellow arrow for C···C contacts and violet arrow for H···H contacts.
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Table
Table 1. Selected NMR chemical shifts (ppm) for investigated compounds in solid state and in CDCl3 and DMSO-d6 solutions, at 298 K. 15N chemical shifts are reported relative to liquid ammonia.
Table 1. Selected NMR chemical shifts (ppm) for investigated compounds in solid state and in CDCl3 and DMSO-d6 solutions, at 298 K. 15N chemical shifts are reported relative to liquid ammonia.
AtomState/Solvent δ/ppm
oOHsaladpmmOHsaladpmpOHsaladpmmvanadpm
OHCDCl314.1214.0212.9713.98
DMSO13.7113.8712.5713.98
H7CDCl38.398.348.358.34
DMSO8.759.908.718.67
C2Solid152.37182.19160.50168.13
CDCl3150.96164.18155.06164.03
DMSO150.03163.45153.35163.66
C7Solid168.83172.94169.46168.64
CDCl3164.86164.04164.51164.10
DMSO166.71165.52165.89165.55
N1CDCl3286.1280.7306.9287.5
DMSO300.0287.4308.4288.6

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Zbačnik, M.; Pičuljan, K.; Parlov-Vuković, J.; Novak, P.; Roodt, A. Four Thermochromic o-Hydroxy Schiff Bases of α-Aminodiphenylmethane: Solution and Solid State Study. Crystals 2017, 7, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst7010025

AMA Style

Zbačnik M, Pičuljan K, Parlov-Vuković J, Novak P, Roodt A. Four Thermochromic o-Hydroxy Schiff Bases of α-Aminodiphenylmethane: Solution and Solid State Study. Crystals. 2017; 7(1):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst7010025

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbačnik, Marija, Katarina Pičuljan, Jelena Parlov-Vuković, Predrag Novak, and Andreas Roodt. 2017. "Four Thermochromic o-Hydroxy Schiff Bases of α-Aminodiphenylmethane: Solution and Solid State Study" Crystals 7, no. 1: 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst7010025

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