Crystallization and Structure Determination of Fac-Triammin-Aquo-Oxalato-Cobalt (III)-Nitrate Monohydrate
1
Chemisches Institut der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
2
Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2014, 4(4), 490-497; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst4040490
Submission received: 8 October 2014
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Revised: 17 November 2014
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Accepted: 19 November 2014
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Published: 28 November 2014
Abstract
:The title compound, fac-triammin-aquo-oxalato-cobalt(III)-nitrate monohydrate, fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2), was prepared according to an original synthetic protocol published exactly 100 years ago by Alfred Werner by dissolving the indigo-blue non-electrolyte complex mer-triammin-chloro-oxalato-cobalt(III), mer-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)Cl] (1), in boiling half-concentrated nitric acid. Contrary to the literature, it did not crystallize directly from the reaction mixture, but crystallization could be induced by saturating the solution with NaClO4. The structure of 2 has monoclinic (P21/n) symmetry. The crystal structure displays an extensive array of N–H···O and O–H···O hydrogen bonding.
1. Introduction
Oxalato complexes of di- and trivalent cobalt are of significant current interest because of their unusual magnetic properties [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] and as components of metal-organic frameworks [8,9] and 3D coordination networks [10,11]. The oxalato ligand also played a prominent role in the very beginning of transition metal coordination chemistry. For example, the famous indigo-blue non-electrolyte complex mer-triammin-chloro-oxalato-cobalt (III), mer-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)Cl] (1), was first reported as early as 1896 by Jörgensen [12]. Just three years earlier in 1893, Alfred Werner, the founder of modern coordination chemistry, had proposed the correct formulation of “luteocobalt chloride” as [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 [13]. Jörgensen prepared mer-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)Cl] (1) by treatment of the so-called “dichrocobalt chloride” [14,15], trans-[Co(NH3)3(H2O)Cl2]Cl, with oxalic acid in water. Due to its non-electrolyte character, the indigo-blue product [Co(NH3)3(C2O4)Cl] (1) is insoluble in water. The compound was further investigated by Alfred Werner in his comprehensive paper entitled “Über Metallverbindungen mit komplex gebundener Oxalsäure” [16] and was shown to adopt the meridional configuration. Werner also reported the conversion of 1 into salts containing the fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]+ cation [14,16]. The nitrate of this series was first obtained by treatment of 1 with AgNO3, followed by separation of the AgCl formed during the reaction and subsequent crystallization [14]. It is also formed upon treatment of mer-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)OH] with aqueous nitric acid (25%). A more straightforward synthetic route involves heating of a suspension of 1 in half-concentrated HNO3 according to Scheme 1 until the insoluble precursor has completely dissolved. It was reported that crystallization from the reaction mixture directly affords red-purple, needle-like crystals of the title compound [16,17]. Werner correctly analyzed this salt as [Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2) and also established the facial configuration of the cation, while Matsuno later incorrectly formulated the compound as mer-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(NO3)]·H2O [18]. We report here an X-ray structural investigation of 2 which clearly confirms Alfred Werner’s early findings.
2. Results and Discussion
The title compound fac-triammin-chloro-oxalato-cobalt (III)-nitrate monohydrate, fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2), was prepared according to the original procedure reported by Werner [16]. Nitric acid was added to a blue suspension of 1 in water and the mixture was heated to boiling for a few minutes until a clear, purple solution had formed (Scheme 1).
Scheme 1.
Preparation of the title compound fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2).
According to Werner, beautiful, well-formed, red-purple crystals of 2 (“prächtig karmoisinrote Nadeln”) should form upon slight cooling of the reaction mixture. In our case, however, crystallization did not occur even on prolonged standing of the solution at 0 °C. It is well established from studies by Siebert et al. [19,20] that perchlorates are often particularly suitable for the isolation of various series of Werner-type cobalt(III) ammine complexes. Quite often, the perchlorates are less soluble than other salts (e.g., chlorides, bromides, nitrates) and exhibit a highly crystallinity [19,20]. Thus, we attempted to prepare the new perchlorate derivative [Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]ClO4 by saturating the solution of 2 with solid NaClO4. Undisturbed standing of the reaction mixture at 0 °C for 2 days afforded well-formed, purple, needle-like crystals. However, an X-ray diffraction study of the product surprisingly revealed the presence of the original nitrate fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2). Obviously, the large excess of NaClO4 had induced the crystallization of 2, whereas the perchlorate salt could not be isolated.
Crystal Structure
The title compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (Table 1). Figure 1 shows the molecular structure; bond lengths and angles are listed in Table 2. In the solid state, the title compound comprises a fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]+ cation, an uncoordinated nitrate anion and one water molecule. Thus the X-ray study clearly confirms that a rearrangement from the meridional configuration in 1 to the facial configuration takes place during the formation of the aquo complex 2. The average Co–N(NH3) distance in 2 is 1.936 Å. Within the chelating oxalate anion, the C–O distances to the oxygen atoms bonded to cobalt (O(1)–C(1) 1.293(5), O(2)–C(2) 1.280(5) Å) are only ca. 0.07 Å longer than the outer C–O distances (O(3)–C(1) 1.225(5), O(4)–C(2) 1.216(5) Å) which are formally C=O double bonds. The central C–C bond length in the oxalato ligand is 1.554(6) Å. As expected, these values can be favorably compared to those reported for other cobalt oxalato complexes [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11].
| Identification code | ip1_167 |
| Empirical formula | C2 H13 Co N4 O9 |
| Formula weight | 296.09 |
| Temperature | 210(2) K |
| Wavelength | 0.71073 Å |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic |
| Space group | P21/n |
| Unit cell dimensions | a = 7.8532(16) Å, α = 90° |
| b = 10.000 (2) Å, β = 105.06 (3)° | |
| c = 13.192(3) Å, γ = 90° | |
| Volume | 1000.4 (3) Å3 |
| Z | 4 |
| Density (calculated) | 1.966 Mg/m3 |
| Absorption coefficient | 1.764 mm−1 |
| F(000) | 608 |
| Crystal size | 0.40 × 0.30 × 0.07 mm3 |
| Theta range for data collection | 2.59° to 28.08° |
| Index ranges | −10 ≤ h ≤ 10, −13 ≤ k ≤ 12, −17 ≤ l ≤ 17 |
| Reflections collected | 9475 |
| Independent reflections | 2403 (R(int) = 0.1035) |
| Completeness to theta = 28.08° | 98.8% |
| Absorption correction | Semi-empirical from equivalents |
| Max. and min. transmission | 0.5934 and 0.4239 |
| Refinement method | Full-matrix least-squares on F2 |
| Data/restraints/parameters | 2403/33/197 |
| Goodness-of-fit on F2 | 0.881 |
| Final R indices (I > 2sigma(I)) | R1 = 0.0525, wR2 = 0.1260 |
| R indices (all data) | R1 = 0.0793, wR2 = 0.1327 |
| Largest diff. peak and hole | 0.727 and −0.444 e.Å−3 |
| Co(1)–O(1) | 1.915(3) | N(3)–H(3C) | 0.83(3) |
| Co(1)–O(2) | 1.915(3) | O(1)–C(1) | 1.293(5) |
| Co(1)–N(1) | 1.934(4) | O(2)–C(2) | 1.280(5) |
| Co(1)–N(2) | 1.935(4) | O(3)–C(1) | 1.225(5) |
| Co(1)–N(3) | 1.940(4) | O(4)–C(2) | 1.216(5) |
| Co(1)–O(9) | 1.943(4) | O(9)–H(9A) | 0.911(17) |
| N(1)–H(1A) | 0.91(3) | O(9)–H(9B) | 0.914(17) |
| N(1)–H(1B) | 0.92(3) | C(1)–C(2) | 1.554(6) |
| N(1)–H(1C) | 0.91(3) | O(8)–H(8A) | 0.897(17) |
| N(2)–H(2A) | 0.88(3) | O(8)–H(8B) | 0.896(17) |
| N(2)–H(2B) | 0.88(3) | N(4)–O(5) | 1.197(6) |
| N(2)–H(2C) | 0.88(3) | N(4)–O(6) | 1.229(5) |
| N(3)–H(3A) | 0.84(3) | N(4)–O(7) | 1.292(5) |
| N(3)–H(3B) | 0.84(3) | – | – |
| O(1)–Co(1)–O(2) | 86.18(13) | Co(1)–N(2)–H(2B) | 116(3) |
| O(1)–Co(1)–N(1) | 89.80(16) | H(2A)–N(2)–H(2B) | 104(6) |
| O(2)–Co(1)–N(1) | 90.14(16) | Co(1)–N(2)–H(2C) | 118(5) |
| O(1)–Co(1)–N(2) | 176.13(15) | H(2A)–N(2)–H(2C) | 98(6) |
| O(2)–Co(1)–N(2) | 89.96(15) | H(2B)–N(2)–H(2C) | 112(6) |
| N(1)–Co(1)–N(2) | 90.45(19) | Co(1)–N(3)–H(3A) | 107(4) |
| O(1)–Co(1)–N(3) | 89.11(15) | Co(1)–N(3)–H(3B) | 115(4) |
| O(2)–Co(1)–N(3) | 175.27(16) | H(3A)–N(3)–H(3B) | 101(6) |
| N(1)–Co(1)–N(3) | 90.29(17) | Co(1)–N(3)–H(3C) | 112(3) |
| N(2)–Co(1)–N(3) | 94.75(17) | H(3A)–N(3)–H(3C) | 114(5) |
| O(1)–Co(1)–O(9) | 87.97(15) | H(3B)–N(3)–H(3C) | 106(5) |
| O(2)–Co(1)–O(9) | 90.70(15) | C(1)–O(1)–Co(1) | 112.5(3) |
| N(1)–Co(1)–O(9) | 177.56(17) | C(2)–O(2)–Co(1) | 112.5(3) |
| N(2)–Co(1)–O(9) | 91.84(19) | Co(1)–O(9)–H(9A) | 113(5) |
| N(3)–Co(1)–O(9) | 88.69(17) | Co(1)–O(9)–H(9B) | 122(4) |
| Co(1)–N(1)–H(1A) | 115(4) | H(9A)–O(9)–H(9B) | 104(7) |
| Co(1)–N(1)–H(1B) | 110(4) | O(3)–C(1)–O(1) | 123.9(4) |
| H(1A)–N(1)–H(1B) | 107(6) | O(3)–C(1)–C(2) | 122.1(4) |
| Co(1)–N(1)–H(1C) | 108(4) | O(1)–C(1)–C(2) | 114.0(3) |
| H(1A)–N(1)–H(1C) | 97(5) | O(4)–C(2)–O(2) | 125.0(4) |
| H(1B)–N(1)–H(1C) | 120(5) | O(4)–C(2)–C(1) | 120.2(4) |
| Co(1)–N(2)–H(2A) | 106(5) | O(2)–C(2)–C(1) | 114.8(3) |
| H(8A)–O(8)–H(8B) | 110(6) | O(5)–N(4)–O(7) | 119.9(4) |
| O(5)–N(4)–O(6) | 123.8(4) | O(6)–N(4)–O(7) | 116.3(4) |
Figure 2 shows the crystal packing of compound 2 in the solid state. The crystal structure displays an extensive network of N–H···O and O–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions (Table 3). The coordinated water molecule is connected through O–H···O hydrogen bonds with the water of crystallization and the uncoordinated nitrate anion. The latter also forms an N–H···O hydrogen bond to the NH3 ligand in trans-position to the coordinated water in a neighboring cation. The other two, cis-oriented, NH3 ligands in the cation form a pair of N–H···O hydrogen bonds with the uncoordinated oxalate oxygen atoms of an adjacent [Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]+ ion. In combination, these different hydrogen bonding interactions result in a three-dimensional solid-state structure as illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 1.
Structure of fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2) in the crystal, showing the atom-labeling scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.
Figure 1.
Structure of fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2) in the crystal, showing the atom-labeling scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.
| D-H···A | d(D–H) | d(H···A) | d(D···A) | <(DHA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N(1)–H(1A)···O(2)#1 | 0.91(3) | 2.21(4) | 3.076(5) | 158(6) |
| N(1)–H(1B)···O(6)#2 | 0.92(3) | 2.11(4) | 3.017(6) | 167(5) |
| N(1)–H(1C)···O(7)#3 | 0.91(3) | 2.33(5) | 2.976(5) | 128(5) |
| N(1)–H(1C)···O(8)#4 | 0.91(3) | 2.66(6) | 3.091(6) | 110(4) |
| N(2)–H(2A)···O(7)#5 | 0.88(3) | 2.43(3) | 3.304(7) | 174(6) |
| N(2)–H(2A)···O(6)#5 | 0.88(3) | 2.63(6) | 3.239(6) | 128(5) |
| N(2)–H(2B)···O(8)#4 | 0.88(3) | 2.44(3) | 3.273(6) | 159(4) |
| N(2)–H(2C)···O(4)#6 | 0.88(3) | 2.12(4) | 2.956(5) | 159(7) |
| N(3)–H(3A)···O(9)#7 | 0.84(3) | 2.57(4) | 3.348(6) | 155(5) |
| N(3)–H(3A)···O(1)#7 | 0.84(3) | 2.65(4) | 3.361(6) | 143(5) |
| N(3)–H(3B)···O(4)#1 | 0.84(3) | 2.20(3) | 3.035(6) | 171(6) |
| N(3)–H(3C)···O(3)#6 | 0.83(3) | 2.19(3) | 2.963(5) | 155(4) |
| O(9)–H(9A)···O(8)#7 | 0.911(17) | 1.88(5) | 2.690(5) | 147(7) |
| O(9)–H(9B)···O(5) | 0.914(17) | 1.86(3) | 2.746(6) | 164(7) |
| O(8)–H(8A)···O(3) | 0.897(17) | 1.95(2) | 2.844(5) | 172(6) |
| O(8)–H(8B)···O(5)#8 | 0.896(17) | 2.49(5) | 3.185(6) | 135(5) |
Notes: Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms: #1: –x + 1/2, y – 1/2, –z + 1/2; #2: x – 1/2, –y + 1/2, z + 1/2; #3: x + 1/2, –y + 1/2, z + 1/2; #4: –x + 1/2, y + 1/2, –z + 1/2; #5: –x, –y + 1, –z; #6: x – 1, y, z; #7: –x, –y, –z; #8: –x + 1, –y, –z.
Figure 2.
Crystal packing of the title compound fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2).
3. Experimental Section
Cautionary note: Perchlorates are potentially explosive and should always be handled with great care!
The title compound, fac-triammin-chloro-oxalato-cobalt (III)-nitrate monohydrate, fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2), was prepared according to the original procedure given by Werner [16]. A 5 g-sample of indigo-blue mer-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)Cl] (1) [12] was suspended in a mixture of water (30 mL) and concentrated nitric acid (20 mL). The mixture was heated to boiling until after a few minutes a clear purple solution had formed. In contrast to the original preparation, crystallization did not occur simply upon cooling of the reaction mixture to room temperature. However, crystallization could be induced by saturating the solution with solid sodium perchlorate, NaClO4. Under these conditions, purple crystals of fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2) were obtained after undisturbed standing at 0 °C for 2 days.
The X-ray diffraction data for compound 2 were measured at 210(2) K on a Stoe IPDS diffractometer. Structure solution and refinement were carried out using the programs SHELXS-97 [21] and SHELXL-97 [22]. The hydrogen atoms were freely refined using restraints. CCDC reference number: 1027030. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre.
4. Conclusions
Exactly 100 years after being first reported by Alfred Werner, the crystal structure of the title compound, fac-triammin-chloro-oxalato-cobalt(III)-nitrate monohydrate, fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2) has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure analysis confirmed both the composition and the facial coordination geometry of this complex which Werner had correctly proposed without the help of modern analytical techniques.
Acknowledgments
Financial support of this work by the Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg is gratefully acknowledged.
Author Contributions
Frank T. Edelmann carried out the experimental work (synthesis and crystallization) and prepared the manuscript. Cristian G. Hrib and Steffen Blaurock carried our the crystal structure determination.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Hrib, C.G.; Blaurock, S.; Edelmann, F.T. Crystallization and Structure Determination of Fac-Triammin-Aquo-Oxalato-Cobalt (III)-Nitrate Monohydrate. Crystals 2014, 4, 490-497. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst4040490
AMA Style
Hrib CG, Blaurock S, Edelmann FT. Crystallization and Structure Determination of Fac-Triammin-Aquo-Oxalato-Cobalt (III)-Nitrate Monohydrate. Crystals. 2014; 4(4):490-497. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst4040490
Chicago/Turabian StyleHrib, Cristian G., Steffen Blaurock, and Frank T. Edelmann. 2014. "Crystallization and Structure Determination of Fac-Triammin-Aquo-Oxalato-Cobalt (III)-Nitrate Monohydrate" Crystals 4, no. 4: 490-497. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst4040490
APA StyleHrib, C. G., Blaurock, S., & Edelmann, F. T. (2014). Crystallization and Structure Determination of Fac-Triammin-Aquo-Oxalato-Cobalt (III)-Nitrate Monohydrate. Crystals, 4(4), 490-497. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst4040490
