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Article

Alloying Element Depletion and Phase Transition in Stainless Steel 304 Induced by PEO Treatment in KOH- and TaOH-Rich Electrolyte

by
João Paulo de Proença
1,
Rafael Parra Ribeiro
1,
Elidiane Cipriano Rangel
1,
Nilson Cristino da Cruz
1,
Bruna de Oliveira Pinto
2,
Carlos Roberto Grandini
2 and
Diego Rafael Nespeque Correa
2,*
1
Laboratório de Plasmas Tecnológicos, Science and Technology Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba 18087-180, SP, Brazil
2
Laboratório de Anelasticidade e Biomateriais, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2023, 13(10), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13101480
Submission received: 18 August 2023 / Revised: 20 September 2023 / Accepted: 24 September 2023 / Published: 11 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Surface Modification of Metals and Alloys)
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Abstract

Due to their lower cost and good mechanical and corrosion properties, ferrous materials such as stainless steel (SS) are commonly used as bio-materials, mainly as surgical instruments and implants. Surface treatments such as plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) can be a valuable tool to increase corrosion resistance and enhance the bio-compatibility of metallic materials. In this scenario, the current study evaluated the effect of electrolyte composition on the surface of SS304 submitted to PEO treatment. The variation in the amount of KOH and Ta(OH)5 promoted significant changes in the surface characteristics, forming Fe-rich oxide plates, Ta-rich agglomerate particles, and an exposed substrate. The PEO-treated substrates were depleted of some alloying elements (Cr, Ni, and Mn), which, allied to the Ta-enrichment, affected the roughness, wettability, phase stability, micro-hardness, and corrosion resistance. All the PEO treatments presented a phase composition of single γ-Fe instead of a dual α + γ phase from the untreated substrate, which was understood in terms of the Nieq-Creq diagram. The corrosion tests indicated that the PEO treatment significantly affected the corrosion parameters, having the presence of a non-uniform oxide layer. The findings show that it is possible to control the chemical and phase composition of SS304 material employing PEO treatment.
Keywords: plasma electrolytic oxidation; stainless steel; tantalum oxide; corrosion plasma electrolytic oxidation; stainless steel; tantalum oxide; corrosion

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MDPI and ACS Style

de Proença, J.P.; Ribeiro, R.P.; Rangel, E.C.; da Cruz, N.C.; Pinto, B.d.O.; Grandini, C.R.; Correa, D.R.N. Alloying Element Depletion and Phase Transition in Stainless Steel 304 Induced by PEO Treatment in KOH- and TaOH-Rich Electrolyte. Crystals 2023, 13, 1480. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13101480

AMA Style

de Proença JP, Ribeiro RP, Rangel EC, da Cruz NC, Pinto BdO, Grandini CR, Correa DRN. Alloying Element Depletion and Phase Transition in Stainless Steel 304 Induced by PEO Treatment in KOH- and TaOH-Rich Electrolyte. Crystals. 2023; 13(10):1480. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13101480

Chicago/Turabian Style

de Proença, João Paulo, Rafael Parra Ribeiro, Elidiane Cipriano Rangel, Nilson Cristino da Cruz, Bruna de Oliveira Pinto, Carlos Roberto Grandini, and Diego Rafael Nespeque Correa. 2023. "Alloying Element Depletion and Phase Transition in Stainless Steel 304 Induced by PEO Treatment in KOH- and TaOH-Rich Electrolyte" Crystals 13, no. 10: 1480. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13101480

APA Style

de Proença, J. P., Ribeiro, R. P., Rangel, E. C., da Cruz, N. C., Pinto, B. d. O., Grandini, C. R., & Correa, D. R. N. (2023). Alloying Element Depletion and Phase Transition in Stainless Steel 304 Induced by PEO Treatment in KOH- and TaOH-Rich Electrolyte. Crystals, 13(10), 1480. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13101480

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