Oxidative Desulfurization of Heavy Oils with High Sulfur Content: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. ODS Technology and Efficiency Evaluation
2.1. Sulfones Separation
- Solvent selectivity toward sulfones
- Solvent capacity: solubility of sulfones in the solvent
- Recoverability of solvent for reuse
- Low solubility of hydrocarbon mixture to avoid loss of fraction in the solvent
- Partition ratio and number of extraction stages.
2.2. Efficiency Evaluation
2.3. Sulfur Molecules Reactivity
2.4. Noncatalytic Process
3. Homogeneous Catalytic Systems
3.1. Homogeneous Catalysts
3.2. Effect of Reaction Temperature
3.3. Reaction Time
3.4. Oxidant
3.5. Reactivity of Different Fractions of a Heavy Fuel
3.6. Stirring Conditions
3.7. Additional Reagents
4. Heterogeneous Catalysts
5. Assisted ODS Process
5.1. Ultrasound Technology
5.2. Ionic Liquids
5.3. Ultrasound and Ionic Liquid
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DBT | Dibenzothiophene |
DMDBT | Dimethyldibenzothiophene |
DMF | N,N-Dimethylformamide |
GC | Gas chromatography |
HFO | Heavy Fuel Oil |
IL | Ionic Liquid |
LCO | Light Cycle Oil |
ODS | Oxidative desulfurization |
PTA | Phase Transfer Agents |
PTC | Phase Transfer Catalysts |
SR-LGO | Straight Run Light Gas Oil |
SRGO | Straight Run Gas Oil |
TAOF | Tetraoctyl ammonium fluoride |
tBHP | tert-butylhydroperoxide |
TOAB | Tetraoctyl ammonium bromide |
UAOD | Ultrasound Assisted Oxidative Desulfurization |
ULSD | Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel |
VGO | Vaccum Gas Oil |
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Fraction | Designation Used in Article | Sulfur Content (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Gasoline | Naphtha | 2.00 | Imtiaz et al. 2013 [8] |
Gasoline | 1.30 | Kulkarni et Afonso. 2010 [9] | |
Diesel | Light Gas Oil (LGO) SR-LGO | 0.005 1.33 | Estephane et al. 2018 [3] Otsuki et al. 2000 [10] |
Light Cycle Oil (LCO) | 0.80 | Prasad et al. 2008 [11] | |
Diesel fuel | 0.86 | Anisimov et al. 2003 [12] | |
LCO | 0.63 | Toteva et al. 2009 [13] | |
LGO | 1.20 | Imtiaz et al. 2013 [8] | |
Heavy Gas Oil | 4.00 | ||
Straight Run Diesel Fraction | 1.19 | Krivtsov et al. 2013 [14] | |
Gas Oil | 0.57 | Trakarnpruk et al. 2009 [15] | |
Gas Oil | 2.87 | Zannikos et al. 1995 [16] | |
Straight Run Gas Oil (SRGO) | 1.56 | Hassan et al. 2013 [17] | |
Marine Diesel | 0.02 | Oh et al. 2017 [4] | |
Crude Diesel | 0.83 | Mokhtar et al. 2016 [18] | |
Diesel Fuel | 0.72 | Najafi et al. 2011 [19] | |
Marine Diesel Oil | 0.17 | Wan et Yen. 2007 [20] | |
Diesel Oil | 0.77 | Mei et al. 2003 [21] | |
Hydrotreated Petroleum Product | 3.60 | Mello et al. 2009 [22] | |
Vaccum gas oil | Vaccum Gas Oil (VGO) | 2.17 | Otsuki et al. 2000 [10] |
Diesel Mixture (VGO+diesel) | 0.63 | Rakhmanov et al. 2015 [23] | |
Vaccum Gas Oil | 1.98 | Shiraishi et Hirai. 2004 [24] | |
Heavy fuel oil | Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) | 1.80 | Ogunlaja et al. 2017 [25] |
HFO | 2.75 | Farshi et Shiralizadeh. 2015 [26] | |
HFO | 3.85 | Flores et al. 2004 [27] | |
Bunker C Oil | 3.17 | Tang et al. 2013 [28] | |
Residual Oil | Residual Fuel | 2.86 | Kazakov et al. 2016 [29] |
Residual Oil | 0.04 | Tetrisyanda et al. 2017 [30] | |
Crude Oil | Crude Oil | 1.60 | Mohammed et al. 2012 [31] |
Crude Oil | 1.12 | Abu Bakar et Ahmed. 2016 [32] | |
Crude Oil | 0.10 | Rafiee et al. 2016 [33] | |
Crude Oil | 2.50 | Otaibi et al. 2015 [34] | |
Crude Oil | 5.20 | Hosseini et Hamidi. 2014 [35] | |
Crude Oil | 1.19 | Haruna et al. 2018 [36] |
Extraction Solvent. | Dipole Moment (Debye) | Dielectric Constant | Solvent to Oil Ratio S/O | Petroleum Fraction | Sulfur Content (ppm) | D.R. (%) | Extraction Steps | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) | 3.24 | 36.71 | 1 | VGO + Diesel Fraction | 6300 | 90% | 3 | Rakhmanov et al. 2015 [23] |
Acetonitrile | 3.53 | 35.94 | 1 | HFO | 27,500 | 59% | 1 | Farshi et Shiralizadeh. 2015 [26] |
Acetonitrile + water (80:20) followed by methanol-water (80:20) | - | - | 1 | Naphtha | 20,000 | 83% | 1 | Imtiaz et al. 2013 [8] |
- | - | - | LGO | 12,000 | 85% | 1 | - | |
- | - | - | HGO | 40,000 | 69% | 1 | - | |
- | - | - | Bitumen | 50,000 | 64% | 1 | - | |
n-Heptane | - | - | 2 | Crude oil | 14,940 | 85% | 1 | Mohammed et al. 2012 [31] |
Methanol | 2.87 | 32.66 | 1 | Gas oil | 24,000 | 90% | 1 | Zannikos et al. 1995 [16] |
Acetonitrile | 3.53 | 35.94 | 1 | VGO | 19,800 | 89% | 1 | Shiraishi et Hirai.2004 [24] |
DMF | 3.24 | 36.71 | 1 | SR-LGO | 13,500 | 92% | - | Otsuki et al. 2000 [10] |
DMF | 3.24 | 36.71 | 1 | VGO | 21,700 | 100% | 10 | - |
Acetonitrile | 3.53 | 35.94 | 0.5 | Diesel | 7,744 | 99% | 1 | Mei et al. 2003 [21] |
Acetonitrile | 3.53 | 35.94 | 1 | HFO | 38,500 | 35% | 1 | Flores et al. 2004 [27] |
DMF | 3.24 | 36.71 | 1 | Diesel | 8,286 | 90% | 4 | Mokhtar et al. 2016 [18] |
Sulfur Compound | Structure | Electron Density |
---|---|---|
Thiophene | 5.696 | |
Benzothiophene | 5.739 | |
Dibenzothiophene | 5.758 | |
4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene | 5.76 | |
Tetrahydrodibenzothiophene | 5.923 | |
Tetrahydrobenzonaphthothiophene | 5.921 | |
Octahydrodinaphthothiophene | 5.926 |
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Houda, S.; Lancelot, C.; Blanchard, P.; Poinel, L.; Lamonier, C. Oxidative Desulfurization of Heavy Oils with High Sulfur Content: A Review. Catalysts 2018, 8, 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8090344
Houda S, Lancelot C, Blanchard P, Poinel L, Lamonier C. Oxidative Desulfurization of Heavy Oils with High Sulfur Content: A Review. Catalysts. 2018; 8(9):344. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8090344
Chicago/Turabian StyleHouda, Sara, Christine Lancelot, Pascal Blanchard, Line Poinel, and Carole Lamonier. 2018. "Oxidative Desulfurization of Heavy Oils with High Sulfur Content: A Review" Catalysts 8, no. 9: 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8090344