A Brief Review on the Latest Developments on Pharmaceutical Compound Degradation Using g-C3N4-Based Composite Catalysts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of Different Types of g-C3N4-Based Catalysts for PC Degradation
2.1. Various Precursors for Preparing g-C3N4
2.2. Composite with Other Materials
2.3. Doping of g-C3N4-Based Catalysts
3. Different Categories of g-C3N4-Based Catalysts Reported in the Literature for PC Degradation
3.1. g-C3N4-Based Z-Scheme Photocatalysts
3.2. g-C3N4-Based S Scheme Photocatalysts
3.3. g-C3N4-Based Fenton-Type Catalysts
3.4. g-C3N4-Based Sonocatalysts for PCs Degradation
4. Degradation of Different PCs
4.1. Tetracycline (TC)
4.2. Diclofenac (DC)
4.3. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX)
4.4. Ibuprofen (Ibu)
4.5. Other Drugs
4.6. Application on Multiple Compounds
5. Optimization Techniques
6. Real Field Application
7. Characterization Techniques
7.1. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
7.2. Electron Microscopic Analysis
7.3. BET Surface Area Analysis
7.4. XPS Analysis
7.5. Diffuse Reflectance Spectra (DRS) Analysis
7.6. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
7.7. Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy
7.8. Identification of the Intermediate Products
7.9. Photoelectrochemical Tests
7.10. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Tests
8. Future Perspective and Current Challenges
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMX | amoxicillin |
ANN | artificial neural network |
CBZ | carbamazepine |
CFX | cefalexin |
CIP | ciprofloxacin |
DC | diclofenac |
LFX | levofloxacin |
NPX | naproxen |
OTC | oxytetracycline |
PC | pharmaceutical compound |
PMS | peroxymonosulfate |
PR RSM | paracetamol response surface methodology |
SDZ | sulfadiazine |
SMX | sulfamethoxazole |
TC | tetracycline |
TCH | tetracycline hydrochloride |
TCS | triclosan |
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Description of the g-C3N4-Based Photocatalyst | Optimized Degradation Efficiency with Reaction Condition | References |
---|---|---|
B/Na-co-doped porous g-C3N4 nanosheet photocatalyst | TC degradation of 78.39% within 30 min under visible light irradiation (10 W LED lamp) | [13] |
Cl-doped porous g-C3N4 nanosheets | At a catalyst dose of 0.5 g/L, TC concentration = 10 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xenon lamp, with cut-off filter at 420 nm), 92% degradation within 120 min reaction time | [14] |
ZnO/g-C3N4/zeolite P supported catalyst | 95.5% TC degradation in plasma reactor (16.5 kV as operating voltage, 300 Hz regulated frequency, airflow rate = 130 mL/min) | [19] |
Ag-AgVO3/g-C3N4 composite | 83.6% degradation at 120 min (rate constant = 0.0298 min−1) under visible light irradiation (300 W Xenon lamp, with 410 nm filter): TC concentration = 30 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.2 g/L | [22] |
g-C3N4/TiO2/CFs | 99.99% TC-HCl degradation (initial concentration = 10 mg/L) with a catalyst dose of 0.5 g/L, under the irradiation of visible light (350 W Xe lamp) for 90 min | [23] |
MnIn2S4/g-C3N4 photocatalyst | With TCH concentration of 50 mg/L, catalyst dose = 1 g/L (g-C3N4 kept as 20% mass ratio in the composite), under visible light irradiation (300 W Xenon lamp, with 400 nm filter) almost complete degradation | [30] |
g-C3N4/TiO2 | In the presence of catalyst (g-C3N4:TiO2 = 1:25) at a dose = 1 g/L, under UV light irradiation (300 W Mercury lamp), maximum degradation efficiency obtained 97.6% for TCH in 90 min | [32] |
Porous Z-scheme MnO2/Mn-modified alkalinized g-C3N4 heterojunction | With 0.5 g/L catalyst dose, 96.7% TC removal | [33] |
Fe-g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 heterojunctions | 98.42% degradation in the presence of 1 mM of H2O2, with TC = 10 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.4 g/L, solution pH = 6.5 | [37] |
rGO supported self-assembly of 2D nanosheet of (g-C3N4) | With 0.25 g/L catalyst dose, TC concentration = 15 mg/L, almost complete degradation (under visible light irradiation and exposure to ultrasound) | [44] |
Nitrogen self-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets | With 0.5 g/L catalyst dose, 10 mg/L TC concentration, under visible light irradiation, 81.67% degradation in 60 min | [46] |
NiFe2O4-deposited S-doped g-C3N4 nanorod | 97% degradation in 60 min under visible light irradiation | [47] |
g-C3N4/BiOBr/Fe3O4 nanocomposite | With catalyst dose = 0.5 g/L, TC = 15 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Halogen lamp), complete degradation in 60 min | [48] |
Ba-doped g-C3N4 photocatalyst | 91.94% TC degradation within 120 min under visible light irradiation at 2% Ba loading at a solution pH 10 | [49] |
g-C3N4/MoS2 p-n heterojunction photocatalyst | Using photocatalyst dose of 1 g/L, TC concentration of 20 mg/L, irradiation under Xe lamp (300 W) complete degradation achieved within 40 min (rate constant = 547 × 10−4 min−1) | [50] |
PdO/g-C3N4/kaolinite catalyst | At 4% loading of PdO, catalyst dose (0.5 g/L) 94.5% degradation of TCH (40 mg/L) by PMS activation under visible light (300 W Xenon lamp, with 420 nm cut-off filter) irradiation within 20 min | [51] |
Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots modified g-C3N4 composite | 90% TCH degradation under the action of 0.5 g/L catalyst dose, TCH concentration = 20 mg/L, peroxydisulphate (PDS) dose = 0.5 g/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xenon lamp, with 420 nm cut-off filter) within 60 min reaction time | [52] |
CoO/g-C3N4 p-n heterojunction | Initial concentration of TC = 10 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.5 g/L (30 wt% CoO), 90% degradation within 60 min under visible light irradiation (300 W Xenon lamp, with cut-off filter at 420 nm) | [53] |
CuInS2/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst | 83.7% degradation within 60 min, initial concentration of TC = 20 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.5 g/L (CuInS2 mass = 50 wt%) under visible light irradiation (300 W Xenon lamp, with cut-off filter at 420 nm) | [54] |
CoP nanoparticles anchored on g-C3N4 nanosheets | 96.7% degradation within 120 min reaction time under visible light irradiation (500 W Xenon lamp with 520 nm cut-off filter) | [55] |
g-C3N4/RGO/In2S3 | With initial TCH concentration = 20 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.5 g/L, 95.6% degradation in 60 min under visible light irradiation | [56] |
Metal-free g-C3N4-based heterojunction photocatalyst | Catalyst dose of 2 g/L, TC concentration = 20 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xe lamp with 420 nm filter) 91% removal in 100 min | [57] |
BixOyIz/g-C3N4 | TCH concentration = 10 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (500 W Xe lamp with 420 nm filter), 40% degradation in 4 h | [58] |
Bi2W2O9/g-C3N4 heterojunction | 2wt% Bi2W2O9 in the matrix, with 1 g/L catalyst dose, with initial concentration of TCH = 10 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (35 W Xe lamp), at pH 10.54, 95% degradation occurred | [59] |
Carbon-doped g-C3N4 | More than 95% degradation in 90 min reaction time under visible light irradiation | [60] |
Single-atom Fe-g-C3N4 catalyst | With TC concentration = 10 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.1 g/L, PMS = 0.25 mM, 93.29% degradation achieved | [61] |
Ag-modified g-C3N4 composite | With 8 wt% Ag in the matrix, 1 g/L catalyst dose, 20 mg/L TC concentration, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xe lamp, with 420 nm filter), at pH 11, 90% degradation achieved | [62] |
g-C3N4/Ag2CrO4 photocatalyst | With catalyst dose 1 g/L, TC concentration = 10 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (1000 W halogen lamp), almost complete degradation in 180 min | [63] |
FeOOH coupling and nitrogen vacancies functionalized g-C3N4 heterojunction | With 4 g/L catalyst dose, initial concentration of OTC = 10 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xe lamp, with 420 nm filter), 92.83% degradation in 90 min | [64] |
Co-doped KCl/NH4Cl/g-C3N4 catalyst | With catalyst dose = 1 g/L, TC concentration = 10 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (500 W Xe lamp with 420 nm filter), almost complete degradation in 120 min | [65] |
Potassium-gluconate-cooperative pore generation based on g-C3N4 nanosheets | With catalyst dose = 1 g/L, TC concentration = 20 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xe lamp, with 420 nm filter), 82.2% degradation in 30 min | [66] |
Sulfur-doped carbon quantum dots loaded hollow tubular g-C3N4 | With catalyst dose = 1 g/L, TC concentration = 20 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xe lamp), about 90% degradation in 60 min | [67] |
Nano-confined g-C3N4 in mesoporous SiO2 | With 0.33 g/L catalyst dose, TC concentration = 20 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xe lamp), complete degradation in 120 min | [68] |
Multifunctional 2D porous g-C3N4 nanosheets hybridized with 3D hierarchical TiO2 microflowers | With 0.5 g/L catalyst dose, TC concentration = 20 mg/L, under visible light irradiation, 90% degradation achieved in 60 min | [69] |
CuO/g-C3N4 2D/2D heterojunction photocatalysts | With catalyst dose of 0.1 g/L, 30 mg/L OTC, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xe lamp, with 420 nm filter), 100% degradation in 10 min | [70] |
Sulfur- and tungstate-co-doped porous g-C3N4 microrods | With 0.5 g/L catalyst dose, TC concentration of 10 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xe lamp, with 420 nm filter), 85.3% degradation in 120 min | [71] |
Supramolecular self-assembly synthesis of noble-metal-free (C, Ce) co-doped g-C3N4 with porous structure | With 0.5 g/L catalyst dose, 10 mg/L TC concentration, 90% degradation in 60 min | [72] |
Bi2O2CO3/g-C3N4/ Bi2O3 | With catalyst dose = 0.2 g/L, TC = 10 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xe lamp), 95% degradation in 60 min | [73] |
Fe-doped surface-alkalinized g-C3N4 | With catalyst dose = 0.5 g/L, TC concentration = 20 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xe lamp), 70% degradation in 80 min | [74] |
Donor–acceptor structured g-C3N4 | With 0.5 g/L catalyst dose, OTC concentration = 20 mg/L, degradation of 93% at 60 min | [75] |
C-doped g-C3N4/WO3 | With catalyst dose = 1 g/L, TC concentration = 10 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (500 W Xe lamp with 420 nm filter), ~78% degradation in 60 min | [76] |
g-C3N4/NiFe2O4 S scheme | 79.3% degradation at pH 3 | [77] |
Description of the Catalyst | Reaction Conditions for Optimum Degradation Efficiency | Optimized Degradation Efficiency | References |
---|---|---|---|
Z-scheme S, B-co-doped g-C3N4 nanotube@MnO2 heterojunction | In the presence of 0.06 mM PMS, photocatalyst dose of 0.5 g/L, DC concentration = 20 mg/L, under the irradiation of 8 × 8 W visible light lamps at a wavelength of 460 nm | 99% degradation | [3] |
2D/2D heterostructure of Ti3C2/g-C3N4 | Initial concentration of DC = 10 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.25 g/L, PMS concentration = 0.25 g/L | 100% degradation efficiency within 30 min | [4] |
Ferric oxide nanoclusters anchored g-C3N4 nanorods | Initial concentration of DC = 1 mg/L, dose of catalyst = 0.1 g/L, irradiation under 300 W Xenon arc lamp | Kinetic rate constant of 0.206 min−1 | [78] |
Polymeric g-C3N4 photocatalyst | At a catalyst dose of 1 g/L, initial concentration of DC = 20 mg/L, solution pH = 5 | Complete removal within 120 min | [79] |
TiO2/g-C3N4 | Initial concentration of DC = 5 mg/L, 0.3 g of catalyst loading, pH = 5, irradiation under 1000 W halogen lamp | Maximum degradation efficiency of 93.49% | [82] |
Cellulose biochar/g-C3N4 composite (WPBC50/g-C3N4) | At a DC concentration of 0.05 mM, catalyst dose of 1.5 g/L, 3 mM of PMS under visible light irradiation | Complete removal within 25 min | [83] |
g-C3N4 nanosheets | Initial concentration of DC = 3 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.65 g/L under solar and LED irradiation | - | [84] |
Tunable V2O5/boron-doped g-C3N4 composite | With 5 wt% B doping, 2 g/L catalyst dose | 100% degradation within 105 min under visible light irradiation | [85] |
g-C3N4/NH2-MIL-125 photocatalyst | Under the action of the catalyst composed of MOF and g-C3N4 in the ratio 50:50. DC concentration kept at 10 mg/L, under UV LED irradiation at 384 nm | Complete eradication within 2 h | [86] |
Description of the Catalyst | Reaction Condition | Optimized Degradation Efficiency | References |
---|---|---|---|
ZnO@g-C3N4 | Photocatalyst dose of 0.65 g/L, pH 5.6, airflow rate of 1.89 L/min | 90.4% oxidative removal within 60 min of reaction time | [20] |
Quaternary magnetic BiOCl/g-C3N4/Cu2O/Fe3O4 nano-junction | Degradation reaction with catalyst dose of 0.2 g/L, with initial concentration of SMX = 25.328 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (800 W Xenon lamp, with 400 nm cut-off filter) | 99.5% degradation under Xenon lamp for irradiation within 1 h and 92.1% degradation under natural sunlight within 2 h | [24] |
Fe-Co-O-co-doped g-C3N4 | - | Complete degradation of 0.04 mM of sulfamethoxazole within 30 min at a reaction rate of 0.085 min−1 | [25] |
Se-doped g-C3N4 | - | 93% degradation of SMX in 180 min with a rate constant of 0.0149 min−1 | [27] |
g-C3N4/MgO composite | With the dose of the catalyst = 0.2 g/L, initial concentration of SMX = 20 mg/L | 92 ± 3% degraded within 3 h | [38] |
Heterostructured 2D/2D ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 nanohybrids | In the presence of 0.2 g/L catalyst, initial concentration of SMX = 15 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (solar simulation AM 1.5 G, intensity 100 mW/cm−2) | 89.4% degradation in 2 h | [87] |
β-CDPs/Fe-g-C3N4 catalyst | In the presence of 0.2 g/L catalyst, 2 mM of PMS | Rate constant value of 0.132 min−1 | [88] |
FeCo2S4-modified g-C3N4 photocatalyst | At a pH of 6.5, a reaction temperature of 40 °C | 91.9% degradation with a rate constant of 0.151 min−1 | [89] |
Fe-dispersed g-C3N4 photocatalyst | Initial concentration of sulfamethoxazole 10 mg/L, dose of catalyst 50 mg/L | 98.7% degradation within 6 min | [90] |
AgCl/Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 | With 43% AgCl in the matrix | 95% removal within 2 h of reaction time | [91] |
Porous g-C3N4 modified with ammonium bicarbonate | Under the action of 0.05 g/L catalyst dose, initial concentration of SMX = 0.5 mg/L, at pH 9, under visible light irradiation (150 W Xenon lamp) | 93.37% degradation within 30 min | [92] |
Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 | With a catalyst dose of 1 mg/L, under the irradiation of Xenon lamp | Complete degradation within 90 min of visible light irradiation | [93] |
Ag/g-C3N4 | Under the action of 0.05 g/L catalyst dose, 2.538 mg/L of initial concentration of SMX, under the irradiation of Xe lamp (300 W with 400 nm cut-off filter) | 99.5% degradation using 10 wt% Ag in the matrix | [94] |
g-C3N4 nanotubes | Under the action of 0.4 g/L catalyst dose, 100 mg/L of SMX, under irradiation of Xe lamp (300 W) | Complete degradation within 120 min of reaction time | [95] |
Porous loofah-sponge-like ternary heterojunction g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/MoS2 | - | Under visible light irradiation, over 99% degradation took place in 60 min with a rate constant value of 0.089 min−1 | [96] |
Description of the Catalyst | Reaction Conditions | Optimized Degradation Efficiency | References |
---|---|---|---|
Ag/g-C3N4/kaolinite composite | 7 wt% Ag, with catalyst dose = 1 g/L, Ibu = 5 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (500 W Xe lamp, with 400 nm filter) | Almost complete degradation in 300 min with, rate constant = 0.0113 min−1 | [18] |
g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/rGO heterostructured composites | At a catalyst dose of 0.2 g/L, Ibu concentration = 5 mg/L, pH = 4.3, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xenon lamp with 420 nm filter) | 93% degradation with a rate constant of 0.011 min−1 under visible light irradiation and 98.6% degradation under sunlight | [97] |
1D/2D FeV3O8/g-C3N4 | 10 wt% FeV3O8 in the matrix, with catalyst dose = 0.33 g/L, Ibu = 10 mg/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xenon lamp with 420 nm filter) | 95% degradation in 85 min | [98] |
Layered g-C3N4 and BiOBr | With catalyst dose = 0.2 g/L, Ibu = 20 mg/L | Complete degradation in 10 min | [99] |
g-C3N4/Ag/AgCl/BiVO4 micro flower composite | Under the catalyst dose of 0.25 g/L, under visible light irradiation (compact fluorescent lamps) | 94.7% degradation within 1 h of reaction time | [100] |
g-C3N4/MIL-68(In)-NH2 heterojunction composite | Under the action of 0.15 g/L of catalyst, 20 mg/L of Ibu concentration, with visible light irradiation (300 W Xenon lamp, with cut-off filter at 420 nm) | Photocatalytic rate = 0.01739 min−1, 93% degradation, in 120 min | [101] |
TiO2/g-C3N4 composite | With catalyst dose of 1 g/L, 5 mg/L of Ibu concentration, under the visible light irradiation (250 W Xe lamp) | Almost complete degradation in 60 min | [102] |
TiO2/UV and g-C3N4 visible light | With initial concentration of Ibu as 5 mg/L, catalyst dose of 2.69 g/L, at pH 2.51 under the action of 4–10 W LED lamps | Complete degradation in 120 min | [103] |
Au-Ag/g-C3N4 nanohybrids | With initial concentration of Ibu as 5 mg/L, catalyst dose of 2.69 g/L, under the action of natural sunlight and 4–10 W LED lamps | Complete degradation in 120 min under natural sunlight | [104] |
g-C3N4/CQDs/CDIn2S4 | Initial concentration of Ibu = 80 mg/L, dose of catalyst = 0.1 g/L, under visible light irradiation (300 W Xenon lamp with 420 nm filter) | About 90% degradation in 60 min | [105] |
Plasma-treated g-C3N4/TiO2 | Using g-C3N4/TiO2 catalyst with 15 min treatment of plasma oxygen | 95% degradation within 90 min | [106] |
Triple 2D g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/rGO composites | 3 wt% rGO in the composite, catalyst dose = 2 g/L, Ibu = 5 mg/L, pH = 4.3 | 86% degradation under visible light and 98% removal under natural sunlight | [107] |
g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 2D/2D heterojunction | With 0.2 g/L catalyst, initial concentration of Ibu = 103.145 mg/L | 96.1% degradation efficiency within 1 h, | [108] |
α-SnWO4/UiO-66(NH2)/g-C3N4 ternary heterojunction | With 0.5 g/L catalyst dose, Ibu = 10 mg/L under visible light irradiation (Xe lamp) | More than 90% degraded in 120 min reaction time | [109] |
Description of the Catalyst | Target Compound | Optimized Degradation Efficiency | References |
---|---|---|---|
g-C3N4/Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) | CIP | 94.7% degradation of CIP having an initial concentration of 200 mg/L within 120 min of visible light irradiation | [16] |
Mesoporous g-C3N4 | CIP | 92.3% degradation with an initial concentration of 4 mg/L, catalyst dose = 1 g/L | [17] |
Ag-modified phosphorus-doped ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets/BiVO4 photocatalyst | CIP | 92.6% degradation efficiency for CIP with an initial concentration of 10 mg/L | [110] |
Fe3O4/CdS/g-C3N4 | CIP | 81% degradation with an initial concentration of CIP = 20 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.5 g/L in 180 min reaction time | [111] |
Lignin nanorods/g-C3N4 nanocomposite | TCS | 99.9% removal with an initial concentration of TCS = 10 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.5 g/L in 90 min time | [112] |
g-C3N4/MnFe2O4 | TCS | Almost complete degradation of TCS having initial concentration of 9 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.2 g/L, in 60 min of reaction time | [113] |
g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6 | TCS | 95.5% oxidative removal of TCS (initial concentration = 2 mg/L), catalyst dose = 1 g/L | [114] |
Multi-elemental doped g-C3N4 | NPX | 92.9% removal with initial concentration of naproxen = 10 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.3 g/L | [115] |
ZnFe2O4/BiVO4/g-C3N4 | Lomefloxacin | 96.1% removal after 105 min of visible light irradiation, with initial concentration of lomefloxacin = 25 mg/L, with dose of catalyst = 0.5 g/L | [116] |
Magnetic fluorinated mesoporous g-C3N4 | AMX | Initial concentration of AMX 91.35 mg/L, dose of catalyst = 1 g/L, 90% removal | [117] |
La/FeO3/g-C3N4/BiFeO3 | CIP | Almost complete degradation of CIP at initial concentration of 10 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.4 g/L in 60 min | [118] |
S-Ag/TiO2@g-C3N4 | TCS | 92.3% degradation with TCS concentration = 10 mg/L, pH = 7.8, catalyst dose = 0.2 g/L in 60 min | [119] |
g-C3N4/NH2-MIL-88B(Fe) | Ofloxacin | 96.5% removal in 150 min, with ofloxacin concentration = 10 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.25 g/L | [120] |
Carbon-rich g-C3N4 nanosheet | AMX | Complete degradation in 150 min under irradiation of simulated solar light and in 300 min under irradiation of visible light | [121] |
SnO2/g-C3N4 | AMX | 92.1% AMX removal in 80 min, with initial concentration of AMX = 10 mg/L, dose of catalyst = 0.25 g/L under 300 W Xe lamp irradiation | [122] |
Catalyst | Target Drugs | Optimized Reaction Condition | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
g-C3N4/TiO2 nanomaterials | PR, Ibu, DC | With an initial concentration of paracetamol = 25 mg/L, Ibu = 15 mg/L, DC = 25 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.9 g/L, complete degradation of paracetamol and Ibu was possible; however, DC did not get fully degraded | [15] |
Single barium-atom-embedded g-C3N4 catalyst | DC and CBM | Almost complete degradation of CBZ (1 mg/L) and DC (8 mg/L) under visible light irradiation in 60 min | [26] |
α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 | CFX and AMX | Complete degradation of both drugs at initial concentration of 20 mg/L within 180 min | [31] |
Carbon quantum dots modified reduced ultrathin g-C3N4 | DC, TCS, NPX | 100% degradation within 6 min | [80] |
Carbon-doped supramolecule-based g-C3N4/TiO2 composites | DC and CBM | 98.92% and 99.77% degradation of DC and CBZ in 30 min and 6 h illumination under LED | [81] |
0D/1D Co3O4 quantum dots/surface-hydroxylated g-C3N4 nanofibers | TC, DC, MT | 97.3% degradation for TC, 88.9% for DC, 63.2% for MT in 60 min of reaction time | [123] |
Ag/g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposite | PR, AMX, CFX | With an initial concentration of each drug = 40 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.08 g/L, 78% degradation for PR, 70% for cefalexin, and 35% for AMX | [124] |
g-C3N4-supported WO3/BiOCl heterojunction | LFX and TCH | 92.5% degradation of TCH at initial concentration of 20 mg/L | [125] |
(2D/3D/2D) rGO/Fe2O3/g-C3N4 nanostructure | TC and CIP | Complete degradation of both compounds at an initial concentration of 50 mg/L within 60 min | [126] |
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Biswas, S.; Pal, A. A Brief Review on the Latest Developments on Pharmaceutical Compound Degradation Using g-C3N4-Based Composite Catalysts. Catalysts 2023, 13, 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13060925
Biswas S, Pal A. A Brief Review on the Latest Developments on Pharmaceutical Compound Degradation Using g-C3N4-Based Composite Catalysts. Catalysts. 2023; 13(6):925. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13060925
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiswas, Subhadeep, and Anjali Pal. 2023. "A Brief Review on the Latest Developments on Pharmaceutical Compound Degradation Using g-C3N4-Based Composite Catalysts" Catalysts 13, no. 6: 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13060925