The Interactions of Obesity, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Breast Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Adiposity, Inflammation and Type 2 Diabetes
Functions | Macrophage Phenotype | ||
---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | ||
Phenotypic induction | Proinflammatory | Anti-inflammatory Anti-insulin resistance IL-10 (as induced by adiponectin), plus IL-4 and 3 | |
Pro-insulin resistance | |||
INF-γ with LPS | |||
M2a “alternatively activated” | M2b “regulatory” | ||
Cytokines | TNF-α | IL-4 | IL-10 |
IL-6 | |||
IL-12 | |||
IL-1β | |||
Chemokine | MCP-1 * | MCP-1 * | |
Bioactivity | Activates NF-κB | Suppresses NF-κB; Pro-collagen synthesis; Anti-inflammation tissue repair |
3. Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Breast Cancer
3.1. Obesity
3.2. Hyperinsulinemia
3.3. Type 2 Diabetes
Reference (No.) | T1 | T2 | T3 + T4 | Positive Lymph Nodes | BMI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND % | D % | ND % | D % | ND % | D % | ND % | D % | ND | D | |
[73] | 67.8 | 62.8 | 26.4 | 30.9 | 4.8 | 5.3f | 22.1 | 24.8f | not given | |
[74] | 57.9 | 48.0 | 35.0 | 41.2 | 7.1 | 10.8 ** | 34.9 | 41.1 * | 25.9 ± 4.7 | 28.8 ± 5.6f |
[79] | 55.5 | 33.8 | 37.3 | 55.4 | 7.2 | 10.8 * | 24.0 | 33.0 | 26.9 ± 4.1 | 29.7 ± 4.5f |
[80] | 34.3 | 25.9 | 50.3 | 55.9 | 15.4 | 18.2 | 43.4 | 56.6f | 26.9 ± 4.0 | 27.1 ± 3.8 |
[81] | 18.0 | 10.5 | 60.5 | 62.9 | 21.5 | 26.7 | 53.0 | 66.0 * | not given | |
[82] | 35.5 | 28.5 | 52.2 | 55.2 | 12.3 | 16.3f | 43.3 | 47.5 * | 28.1% | 47.5%f |
3.4. Obesity-Insulin Resistance Interaction and Breast Cancer
4. Estrogen and Insulin Mechanisms
5. Inflammation and Breast Cancer: Estrogen-dependent Mechanisms
6. Inflammation and Breast Cancer: Estrogen-Independent Mechanisms
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rose, D.P.; Gracheck, P.J.; Vona-Davis, L. The Interactions of Obesity, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Breast Cancer. Cancers 2015, 7, 2147-2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers7040883
Rose DP, Gracheck PJ, Vona-Davis L. The Interactions of Obesity, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Breast Cancer. Cancers. 2015; 7(4):2147-2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers7040883
Chicago/Turabian StyleRose, David P., Peter J. Gracheck, and Linda Vona-Davis. 2015. "The Interactions of Obesity, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Breast Cancer" Cancers 7, no. 4: 2147-2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers7040883