Dynamic Changes in Numbers and Properties of Circulating Tumor Cells and Their Potential Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biology of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs)
3. CTC Detection and Quantification
3.1. Enrichment and Capture of CTCs
Technology | Rationale | Platform | Product | Selected reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical properties | Cell size Density | Physical filter Centrifugal force CTC-iChip Density gradient | ISET/RARECELL Early in development Early in development | [54,55,56,57] [58] [66] [59,60] |
Antibody capture | Positive selection of Epithelial-specific antigen Negative depletion of leukocytes | CTC Chips Magnetic | Early in development MegSweeper (prototypes) CELLSEARCH CTC kit | [65] [64] [2,5,6] |
Tumor Types | Positive Markers | Negative Makers |
---|---|---|
Breast | EpCAM/CK Her-2 Mammaglobin MUC-1 | CD45/CD61 |
Prostate PSA | EpCAM/CK | CD45 |
Colon | EpCAM/CK CEA | CD45 |
Lung | EpCAM/CK | CD45 |
3.2. Detection of CTCs
3.2.1. Nucleic Acid-Based Methods
Platform | Rationale | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|---|
Nucleic acid method | Epithelial/Tumor/Tissue-specific antigen |
|
|
Flow cytometery | Positive selection of Epithelial-specific antigen Negative depletion of leukocytes |
|
|
CellSearch (Veridex) | Positive selection of EpCAM/CK Negative depletion of CD45 |
| CTC without epithelial marker could not be detected |
CTC Chip | Positive selection of EpCAM/CK |
| Technology is not commercially available |
3.2.2. Immunological-Based Assay
4. Clinical Manifestation of CTCs
5. Clinical Application of CTCs
5.1. CTC Enumeration in Patients with Early-Stage Disease
5.2. CTCs’ Enumeration in Patients with Metastatic Disease
5.3. Circulating Tumor Cell Enumeration as an Indicator of Drug Response and Therapeutically Targets
6. Perspectives
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Abbreviations
CTC | Circulating tumor cell |
CK | cytokeratin |
EpCAM | Epithelial cell adhesion molecule |
EMT | epithelial mesenchymal transition |
PFS | Progression-free survival |
OS | Overall survival |
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tseng, J.-Y.; Yang, C.-Y.; Liang, S.-C.; Liu, R.-S.; Jiang, J.-K.; Lin, C.-H. Dynamic Changes in Numbers and Properties of Circulating Tumor Cells and Their Potential Applications. Cancers 2014, 6, 2369-2386. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers6042369
Tseng J-Y, Yang C-Y, Liang S-C, Liu R-S, Jiang J-K, Lin C-H. Dynamic Changes in Numbers and Properties of Circulating Tumor Cells and Their Potential Applications. Cancers. 2014; 6(4):2369-2386. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers6042369
Chicago/Turabian StyleTseng, Ju-Yu, Chih-Yung Yang, Shu-Ching Liang, Ren-Shyan Liu, Jeng-Kai Jiang, and Chi-Hung Lin. 2014. "Dynamic Changes in Numbers and Properties of Circulating Tumor Cells and Their Potential Applications" Cancers 6, no. 4: 2369-2386. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers6042369