Cancer Stem Cells, EMT, and Developmental Pathway Activation in Pancreatic Tumors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Incidence and Mortality of Pancreatic Cancer
1.2. Onset of Metastasis Formation
2. Mutations that Drive Pancreatic Cancer
2.1. KRAS
2.2. P53
2.3. P16INK4A
2.4. SMAD4
3. Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
3.1. Tumor Resection
3.2. Chemotherapy
4. Tumor Micro-Environment
4.1. Pancreatitis
4.2. Pancreatic Stellate Cells and Fibroblasts
4.3. Stromal Factors Can Mediate Chemoresistance
4.4. Tumor Vascularization
5. Cancer Stem Cells in Pancreatic Cancer
5.1. The Cancer Stem Cell Concept
5.2. Identification of Cancer Stem Cells
CD44/CD24/ESA | CD133 | ALDH | c-MET | dye exclusion | miRNA | functional assay | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD44/CD24/ESA | n/a | 154 | 159 160 | 161 | – | 169 | 149 150 160 |
CD133 | 154 | n/a | 159 | 161 | 162 163 | 169 | 154 |
ALDH | 159 160 | 159 | n/a | 161 | – | – | 159 160 |
c-MET | 161 | 161 | 161 | n/a | – | – | 161 |
dye exclusion | – | 162 163 | – | – | n/a | – | 162 163 |
miRNA | 169 | 169 | – | – | – | n/a | 168 169 |
functional assay | 149 150 160 | 154 | 159 160 | 161 | 162 163 | 168 169 | n/a |
5.3. CD44, CD24, and ESA
5.4. CD133
5.5. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
5.6. c-MET
5.7. Dye Exclusion
5.8. MicroRNAs
6. Developmental Pathways in Cancer Stem Cell Biology
6.1. The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
6.2. Hedgehog Signaling
6.3. WNT Signaling
6.4. NOTCH Signaling
6.5. TGF-β Superfamily: Nodal/Activin Signaling
6.6. Developmental Pathways as Drivers of Oncogenesis
7. Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells and EMT
7.1. Cancer Stem Cells Are Less Sensitive to Chemotherapy
7.2. EMT and Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells
7.3. Cancer Stem Cells Generated via EMT
7.4. Tumor Micro-Environment Promotes EMT in Pancreatic Cancer
7.5. Contribution of EMT to Give Rise to Stromal Cells
8. Conclusions
8.1. Re-evaluating the Cancer Stem Cell Concept
8.2. Inhibition of Stemness as a Treatment Regimen
Acknowledgments
References
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Hindriksen, S.; Bijlsma, M.F. Cancer Stem Cells, EMT, and Developmental Pathway Activation in Pancreatic Tumors. Cancers 2012, 4, 989-1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers4040989
Hindriksen S, Bijlsma MF. Cancer Stem Cells, EMT, and Developmental Pathway Activation in Pancreatic Tumors. Cancers. 2012; 4(4):989-1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers4040989
Chicago/Turabian StyleHindriksen, Sanne, and Maarten F. Bijlsma. 2012. "Cancer Stem Cells, EMT, and Developmental Pathway Activation in Pancreatic Tumors" Cancers 4, no. 4: 989-1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers4040989