Mesothelin as a Signal Pathways and Epigenetic Target in Cancer Therapy
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction to Mesothelin
2. Mesothelin in Normal and Cancer Cells
3. MSLN in Epigenetics and Signal Pathways
4. MSLN-Targeted Therapies
5. Clinical Trials Involving MSLN-Targeted Treatments
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ATM | Ataxia telangiectasia mutated |
ATR | Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad-3-related protein |
DNA-PK | DNA-dependent protein kinase |
ADC | Antibody-drug conjugate |
MDSCs | Myeloid-derived suppressor cells |
MCAT | Muscle-CAT binding site |
MMP-7 | Matrix metalloproteinase-7 |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa B |
NSCLC | Non-small-cell lung cancer |
PE | Pseudomonas exotoxin A |
RARG | Retinoic acid receptor gamma |
RT | Proton radiation therapy |
SP1 | Specificity Protein 1 |
STAT 3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
TNBC | Triple-negative breast cancer |
TNK2 | Kinase non-receptor 2 |
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Signal Pathways | Mechanism |
---|---|
NF-κB Pathway | Augmented expression of MSLN triggers NF-κB, causing augmented expression of IL-6, which in turn promotes cancer survival and proliferation |
IL-6/sIL-6R Trans-Signaling Pathway | MSLN helps formation of an extracellular complex between IL-6 and sIL-6R, which triggers trans-signal pathway called the IL-6/sIL-6R pathway which in turn increases the survival and growth of cancer. |
Stat3 Pathway | MSLN activates Stat3, increasing cyclin E expression and accelerating cell cycle advancement from G1 to S phase |
ERK1/2 Pathway | Pro-apoptotic factor Bim is repressed by MSLN’s persistent ERK1/2 activation, which cause anoikis insensitivity. |
MAPK Pathways (p38 MAPK, ERK and JNK) | MMP-7 and MMP-9 expression are triggered by MSLN, causing increased cancer invasion and migration. |
p53 Pathway | Inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation, MSLN modifies the p53-dependent regulation of apoptosis-related proteins. |
β-Catenin Pathway | Reducing MSLN expression has an impact on invasion and EMT by lowering β-catenin expression. |
Trial Number | Status/Year | MSLN-Based Therapy | Clinical Trials | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
NCT05779917 | Active/2024 | mesothelin-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Engineered to express a fusion protein of IL21 and scFv against PD1. | A Phase I study to evaluate the safety, tolerance and preliminary efficacy of second-generation mesothelin-targeted CAR-T cells, engineered to secrete a fusion protein of IL21 and scFv against PD1, for the immunotherapy of mesothelin-expressing cancers. | [44] |
NCT01445392 | Terminated/2011 | SS1P (recombinant immunotoxin) | Phase I trials showed safety and anti-tumor efficacy, leading to a new trial combining SS1P with chemotherapy. | [45] |
NCT00325494 | Completed/2009 | MORAb-009 (amatuximab, chimeric antibody) | Phase I trial demonstrated stable disease in 11 patients, with ongoing Phase II trials | [46] |
NCT01417000 | Completed/2014 | GVAX | Presents MSLN to immune cells via MHC elicits an immune response | [47] |
NCT01439152 | Completed/2019 | BMS-986148 | Phase 1 clinical trials. MSLN-directed antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), alone or with nivolumab, in 126 patients with selected tumors | [48] |
NCT05397093 | Active/2022 | FOLR1 | Targeting multiple antigens and modulating gene expression | [49] |
NCT02810418 | Completed/2016 | LMB-100 | LMB-100 is given in combination with tofacitinib to patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and other MSLN-positive solid tumors | [50] |
NCT02639091 | Completed/2020 | Anetumab Ravtansine in Combination With Pemetrexed and Cisplatin | In Phase 1b, BAY 94-9343 in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin was administered to the patient with metastatic epithelial mesothelioma or nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To study was to assess the assessing the safety, tolerability and efficacy of the drug regimen. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is directed against the cancer antigen MSLN on tumor cells. | [48] |
NCT02159716 | Completed/2014 | CART-meso in Mesothelin Expressing Cancers | Phase I Study of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Modified T Cells in Patients With Mesothelin Expressing Cancers | [51] |
NCT03872206 | Completed/2023 | HPN536 | Phase 1/2a study of HPN536 as monotherapy to assess the safety, tolerability and PK in patients with advanced cancers associated with mesothelin expression | [37] |
NCT05372692 | Completed/2023 | Mesothelin-specific Chimeric antigen Receptor T Cells (LD013) | Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (LD013) in patients with refractory or relapsed mesothelin-positive ovarian cancer | [41] |
NCT02884726 | Completed/2020 | BMS 986148 | Phase 1 Study of Mesothelin-ADC Study is to assess the safety and tolerability of Mesothelin-ADC in subjects with advanced and/or metastatic solid tumors | [32] |
NCT01675765 | Completed/2018 | CRS-207 attenuated form of Listeria monocytogenes | Clinical trial assesses the safety and immune response of CRS-207, a modified Listeria monocytogenes cancer vaccine targeting mesothelin, given with or without cyclophosphamide, followed by pemetrexed and cisplatin. | [52] |
NCT02341625 | Terminated/2020 | BMS-986148 a drug | Combination treatment of BMS-986148 (a drug) with or without nivolumab an immune checkpoint inhibitor a safe and tolerable. Some patients experienced long-lasting positive responses to the treatment. | [32] |
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Kumari, S. Mesothelin as a Signal Pathways and Epigenetic Target in Cancer Therapy. Cancers 2025, 17, 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17071118
Kumari S. Mesothelin as a Signal Pathways and Epigenetic Target in Cancer Therapy. Cancers. 2025; 17(7):1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17071118
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumari, Seema. 2025. "Mesothelin as a Signal Pathways and Epigenetic Target in Cancer Therapy" Cancers 17, no. 7: 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17071118
APA StyleKumari, S. (2025). Mesothelin as a Signal Pathways and Epigenetic Target in Cancer Therapy. Cancers, 17(7), 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17071118