Endobronchial Ultrasound Access to Pulmonary Vasculature in Thoracic Malignancy
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Systematic Assessment of the Vasculature
3. Endovascular Lesions
3.1. Pulmonary Embolism
Authors | Year | N. of Cases | EBUS Indication | CTPA | Predisposing Factors (For Not Already Known PE Cases) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Casoni et al. [7] | 2008 | 1 | Visualization of known PE | Already shown PE | |
Aumiller et al. [3] | 2009 | 32 | Visualization of known PE | Already shown PE | |
Centikaya et al. [9] | 2011 | 1 | Visualization of known PE | Already shown PE | |
Sentourk et al. [8] | 2013 | 8 | Visualization of known PE | Already shown PE | |
Mahajan et al. [10] | 2014 | 1 | Visualization of known PE | Already shown PE | |
Harris and Chaloub [11] | 2014 | 1 | Visualization of known PE | Already shown PE | |
Evison et al. [12] | 2015 | 1 | Visualization of known PE | Already shown PE | |
Chow et al. [13] | 2021 | 1 | Visualization of known PE | Already shown PE | |
Sanz-Santos et al. [14] | 2010 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Lung cancer |
Swarz and Gillespie [15] | 2011 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Lung cancer |
Llopis Pastor [16] | 2013 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Lung cancer |
Sachdeva et al. [17] | 2013 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Ankle injury |
Segraves-Daniels [18] | 2015 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Lung cancer |
Goyal et al. [19] | 2015 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | None |
Xing et al. [20] | 2015 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Microscopic Polyangiitis |
Erer et al. [21] | 2016 | 4 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | 3/4 Lung cancer |
Clay et al. [22] | 2016 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Obesity, quadriparesis |
Sariaydin et al. [23] | 2016 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | None |
Torky et al. [24] | 2018 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Lung cancer |
Abuserewa [25] | 2021 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Pericardial effusion of unknown aetiology—Diagnosis not mentioned |
Abboud et al. [26] | 2021 | 1 | Incidental finding | Previous CTPA was given negative, but after EBUS rechecked and segmental PE was identified | Lung cancer, right internal jugular vein thrombosis |
Fantin et al. [27] | 2021 | 2 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Lung cancer |
Solis Garcia et al. [28] | 2022 | 1 | Incidental finding of Second Episode of PE | Confirmed | Lung cancer |
Subedi et al. [29] | 2022 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Lung cancer |
Maeda et al. [30] | 2023 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Trauma, lung cancer |
Bugalho et al. [31] | 2024 | 1 | Incidental finding of Second Episode of PE | Confirmed | Lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension |
Cascon-Hernandez et al. [32] | 2024 | 1 | Incidental finding | Confirmed | Lung cancer |
Park et al. [34] | 2011 | 1 | Diagnostic approach of endovascular lesion | Not performed | None |
Joshi et al. [36] | 2015 | 1 | Diagnostic approach for unstable patient in ICU | Confirmed | COPD, possible cancer |
Channick et al. [37] | 2019 | 1 | Diagnostic approach for unstable patient in ICU | Not performed | ICU stay, Surgery |
Bertini et al. [38] | 2020 | 1 | Diagnostic approach for unstable patient in ICU | Not performed | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
Dhillon and Harris [39] | 2016 | 1 | Diagnostic approach for chronic pulmonary artery thrombosis | Not visualized in previous CT | Lung cancer |
Decavele et al. [35] | 2020 | 11 | Assessment of PE in v-v ECMO SARS-CoV 2 patients | Confirmed in 9/10 of positive EBUS—Not confirmed in 0/1 of negative EBUS | SARS-CoV2 |
Juul et al. [5] | 2024 | 100 | Assessment of PE in possible NSCLC patients undergoing EBUS | Confirmed with CTPA | Lung cancer |
3.2. Tumor Embolism
Author | Year | N. of Cases | EBUS Indication | Location | Biopsy of Intra Vascular Lesion | Diagnosis | Histology | History of Active Cancer | Prolon ged Anti Coagu Lation | PET SUV Uptake | Complications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blanc et al. [43] | 2011 | 1 | Ddx of embolus | Left lower lobe PA | Yes | Tumor embolism | Follicular thyroid cancer | Yes | No | High | None |
Chamorro et al. [44] | 2012 | 1 | Ddx of embolus | Right main PA | Yes | Tumor embolism | Primary retroperitoneal synovial sarcoma | Yes | Yes | High | None |
Dhillon et al. [45] | 2012 | 1 | PET positive area without LNs | Hilar LN with incidental finding of endovascular lesion | No | Tumor embolism | Melanoma | Yes | yes | High | None |
Dusemundet al. [46] | 2013 | 1 | Ddx of endovascular lesion | Left lower PA | Yes | Tumor embolism | Renal synovial sarcoma | Yes | No | Low | None |
Schmid et al. [47] | 2013 | 1 | Ddx of embolus | Left lower lobe PA | Yes | Tumor embolism | Renal synovial sarcoma | Yes | Yes | Low | None |
Lee et al. [48] | 2014 | 1 | Ddx of embolus | Right main PA | Yes | Tumor embolism | Hepatocellular carcinoma and rectal adenocarcinoma | Yes | No | N/A | None |
Modi et al. [49] | 2014 | 1 | Ddx of endovascular lesion | Rightmain PA | Yes | Tumor embolism | Leiomyosarkoma | Yes | Yes | N/A | None |
Desai et al. [50] | 2015 | 1 | Hilar nodes enlargment | Hilar soft tissue with endovascular lesion | Yes | Tumor embolism | Renal cell carcinoma | Yes | Yes | N/A | None |
Vial et al. [51] | 2015 | 1 | Ddx of embolus | Left main PA | Yes | Tumor embolism | Colorectal cancer | Yes | Yes | High | None |
Horowitz et al. [52] | 2013 | 1 | Left hilar mass surrounding and invading left pulmonary artery | Left main PA | Yes | Invasion from hilar mass | Poorly differentiated carcinoma | No | Yes | N/A | None |
Dhamija et al. [53] | 2012 | 1 | Hilar nodes enlargment | Left PA | Yes | Invasion from hilar LN | Breast cancer | Yes | N/A | High | None |
Lee et al. [54] | 2016 | 1 | Right paratracheal mass invading SVC | SVC | Yes | Invasion from paratracheal mass | Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma | No | No | High | None |
Park et al. [34] | 2011 | 2 | Ddx of endovascular lesion | 1. Left main PA and left lower lobe PA 2. Left main PA | Yes | 1. Vascular tumor 2. Thrombus | 1. Pulmonary artery sarcoma 2. PE | No | No | 1. High 2. Mild increase | None |
Shingyogi et al. [55] | 2013 | 1 | Ddx of endovascular lesion | Bilateral PA (Biopsy from left lower PA) | Yes | Vascular tumor | Pulmonary artery sarcoma | No | No | High | None |
Kamaleshwaran et al. [56] | 2014 | 1 | Ddx of endovascular lesion | Bilateral PA (Biopsy site not mentioned) | Yes | Vascular tumor | Pulmonary artery sarcoma | No | Yes | High | None |
Chan et al. [57] | 2014 | 1 | Ddx of endovascular lesion | Right main PA extending to right upper and right lower branches | Yes | Vascular tumor | Pulmonary artery sarcoma | No | No | N/A | None |
Caraway et al. [58] | 2015 | 1 | Ddx of endovascular lesion | Right main PA | Yes | Vascular tumor | Pulmonary artery sarcoma | Yes (3 cancers) | No | High | None |
Alsaid et al. [59] | 2020 | 1 | Ddx of endovascular lesion | Left main PA | Yes | Vascular tumor | Pulmonary artery sarcoma | No | No | N/A | None |
Zhang et al. [60] | 2021 | 4 | Ddx of endovascular lesion | N/A | Yes | Vascular tumor | Pulmonary artery sarcoma | No | N/A | N/A | 1 death |
Pott et al. [61] | 2022 | 1 | Ddx of pulmonary hypertension | Left main PA | Yes | Vascular tumor | Pulmonary artery sarcoma | No | Yes | High | None |
Owen et al. [62] | 2016 | 1 | Ddx of endovascular lesion | Left main PA | Yes | Vascular tumor | Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour | No | No | High | None |
Qian et al. [63] | 2021 | 1 | Ddx of endovascular lesion | Left main and left upper PA | Yes | Septic embolus | Septic embolus | No | No | N/A | None |
3.3. Vascular Tumors
3.4. Infectious Involvement
4. T4 Assessment
Author | Year | N. of Cases | Vessel Invasion | EBUS Compared to Surgical Confirmation | CT Compared to Surgical Confirmation | Combined EBUS/CT Compared to Surgical Confirmation | EBUS and CT Intra-Agreement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MacEachern et al. [66] | 2008 | 1 | Right PA and vein invasion | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Alici et al. [67] | 2007 | 55 | PAs, Pulmonary veins, axygus, aorta, SVC, left atrium | 9/55 patients: Sensitivity 100%, Specificity 75, PPV 100%, NPV 77.7% | Sensitivity 66.6, Specificity 33.3%, PPV 33.3%, NPV 55.5% | N/A | k = 0.268 (p = 0.028) |
Kuijenhoven et al. [68] | 2017 | 74 (EUS) | N/A | Sensitivity 42%, Specificity 95%, PPV 73%, NPV 83% | Sensitivity 76%, Specificity 61%, PPV 41%, NPV 88% | Sensitivity 83%, Specificity 100%, PPV 100%, NPV 97% | N/A |
Kuijenhoven et al. [69] | 2021 | 104 | N/A | Sensitivity 63.9%, Specificity 92.6%, PPV 82.1%, NPV 82.9% | Sensitivity 61.5%, Specificity 37%, PPV 35.6%, NPV 63% | Sensitivity 90.9%, Specificity 77.3%, PPV 66.7%, NPV 94.4% | N/A |
5. Transvascular Biopsy
Author | Year | N. of Cases | Location of Target Lesion | Which Vessel Was Transversed | Diagnosis Achieved | Complications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vincent et al. [72] | 2006 | 1 | Left hilar mass adjacent to left inferior pulmonary artery | Left inferior PA (EBUS) | Carcinoid tumor | None |
Wallace et al. [86] | 2007 | 1 | Mass in left upper lobe adjacent to the descending aorta | Descending aorta (EUS) | NSCLC | None |
vonBartheld et al. [87] | 2009 | 14 | 9 left lung mass, 5 LN5 or LN6 | Aorta (EUS) | Malignancy (9/14 patients—64% definitive diagnosis), non-diagnostic (5/14 patients) | 2 paraortic hematomas (viewed with US) |
Boujaouade et al. [73] | 2013 | 2 | 1. 11R, 2. Right perihilar lung nodule | 1. Right PA, 2. Right Lower branch of PA (EBUS) | 1. Lung adenocarcinoma, 2. Lung papillary adenocarcinoma | None |
Cubero et al. [81] | 2015 | 1 | Left upper lobe nodule | Left pulmonary artery | Metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma | None |
Panchabhai et al. [71] | 2015 | 10 | 3 left hilar/parenchymal lesions, 3 LN5, 2 10L, 1 12L, 1 right middle lobe mass | PA and its branches (EBUS) | Malignancy (7/10), benign (2/10), non-diagnostic (1/10). 90% definitive diagnosis | None |
Folch et al. [74] | 2016 | 10 | LN 5 | Left PA (EBUS) | Malignancy (9/10), non-diagnostic (1/10) | None |
Kazakov et al. [75] | 2017 | 33 | 15 mediastinal node/mass, 10 lung mass, 7 hilar node/mass, 1 paravertebral mass | 14 through PA, 19 through aorta—(14 EBUS, 19 EUS) | Malignancy (16/33), benign (2/33), false negative (6/33), 71% sensitivity | Minor hematomas (viewed with US)—not mentioned how many |
Mehta A et al. [82] | 2018 | 1 | Lesion at 12R station | Right inferior PA (EBUS) | Spindle cell neuroendocrine neoplasm | None |
Mehta R et al. [76] | 2018 | 7 | 4 LNs, 2 masses, 1 cyst | Left main PA (EBUS) | Malignancy (2/7), bening (5/7)—Tissue adequacy 10/10 | None |
Ravagliaet al. [88] | 2018 | 11 | LN 5 and LN6 | Aorta (with EUS) | Malignancy (4/11), non-diagnostic (7/11)—57% sensitivity, 45% accuracy | None |
Cetinkaya et al. [80] | 2018 | 4 | 4 Left hilar lesions | Left PA (EBUS) | Malignancy (2/4), benign (1/4), non-diagnostic (1/4) | None |
Guedes etal [77] | 2019 | 1 | 11L | Left PA (EBUS) | Squamous cell carcinoma | None |
Molina et al. [70] | 2019 | 100 | 49 LN5 (EUS), 8 LN6 (3 EBUS, 5 EUS), 21 lung lesions (15 EBUS, 6 EUS), 16 hilar node/mass (EBUS), 3 mediastinal mass (1 EBUS, 2 EUS), 1 adrenal nodule (EUS), 1 supraclavicular nodule (EUS), 1 hepatic hilum node (EUS) | 58 through aorta (EUS), 32 PA (EBUS), 6 left subclavian artery (2 EBUS, 4 EUS), 2 portal vein (EUS), 1 jugular vein (EUS), 1 innominate vein (EBUS) | 80/100 diagnostic (malignancy 62/100), non-diagnostic (20/100) | 1 aortic pseudoaneurysm |
Tamburini et al. [89] | 2019 | 1 | Left upper lobe lesion | left subclavian artery (EUS-B) | Adenocarcinoma | None |
Naaman et al. [78] | 2021 | 35 | Ν/A | 29 main PA and its branches, 3 azygus vein, 2 brachiocephalic vein, 1 SVC | Diagnostic yield 95.6% for malignancy, 88.6% overall | 4/35 (11.4%): hemoptysis, AECOPD, rapid rate on top of atrial fibrillation |
Perathur et al. [79] | 2021 | 8 | 4 left lung mass, 3 right hilar mass, 1 LN5 | 3 Interlobar PA, 5 Left main PA | Diagnostic yield 87.5% (4 adenocarcinoma, 2 tuberculosis, 1 esophageal cancer, 1 Spindle Cell Neuroendocrine cancer | 4/8 (50%): mild bleeding during bronchoscopy |
De Vega Sanchez et al. [83] | 2021 | 1 | 11R | Right PA branch | Uterine Leiomyosarcoma | None |
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Koukaki, E.; Anagnostopoulos, N.; Bakiri, A.; Zaneli, S.; Stratakos, G. Endobronchial Ultrasound Access to Pulmonary Vasculature in Thoracic Malignancy. Cancers 2025, 17, 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040616
Koukaki E, Anagnostopoulos N, Bakiri A, Zaneli S, Stratakos G. Endobronchial Ultrasound Access to Pulmonary Vasculature in Thoracic Malignancy. Cancers. 2025; 17(4):616. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040616
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoukaki, Evangelia, Nektarios Anagnostopoulos, Aikaterini Bakiri, Stavroula Zaneli, and Grigorios Stratakos. 2025. "Endobronchial Ultrasound Access to Pulmonary Vasculature in Thoracic Malignancy" Cancers 17, no. 4: 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040616
APA StyleKoukaki, E., Anagnostopoulos, N., Bakiri, A., Zaneli, S., & Stratakos, G. (2025). Endobronchial Ultrasound Access to Pulmonary Vasculature in Thoracic Malignancy. Cancers, 17(4), 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040616