Translational Aspects in Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Clinical–Pathologic Features
3. Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Features
- Low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma (LGASC);
- Fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma (FLMC);
- Spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC) (Figure 3);
- Metaplastic carcinoma with heterologous mesenchymal differentiation (MCHMD);
- Mixed metaplastic carcinoma (MMC), where the tumor exhibits mixed components.
4. Molecular Aspects in Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma: Associated Mutations, Involved Pathways, and Transcriptomic Features
5. Tumor Immune Microenvironment
6. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition
6.1. Cadherins and Cadherin-Switching Mechanism
6.2. Epithelial and Mesenchymal Markers
6.3. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition—Transcriptional Factors
6.4. Hypoxia
6.5. miRNAs
6.6. Gene Expression
7. Treatment and Prognosis
8. Clinical Trials
9. Conclusions
10. Limitation of the Study and Current Challenges
11. Future Directions and Recommendations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Barrientos-Toro, E.N.; Ding, Q.; Raso, M.G. Translational Aspects in Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma. Cancers 2024, 16, 1433. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16071433
Barrientos-Toro EN, Ding Q, Raso MG. Translational Aspects in Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma. Cancers. 2024; 16(7):1433. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16071433
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarrientos-Toro, Elizve Nairoby, Qingqing Ding, and Maria Gabriela Raso. 2024. "Translational Aspects in Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma" Cancers 16, no. 7: 1433. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16071433