Prognostic and Predictive Molecular Markers in Cholangiocarcinoma
by
, , , , , , , , ,
Sandra Pavicevic
1
,
Sophie Reichelt
1,
Deniz Uluk
1,
Isabella Lurje
2,
Cornelius Engelmann
2,
Dominik P. Modest
3,
Uwe Pelzer
3
,
Felix Krenzien
1,
Nathanael Raschzok
1,
Christian Benzing
1,
Igor M. Sauer
1,
Sebastian Stintzing
3,
Frank Tacke
2
,
Wenzel Schöning
1,
Moritz Schmelzle
1,
Johann Pratschke
1 and
Georg Lurje
1,*
1
Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
2
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
3
Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2022, 14(4), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14041026
Submission received: 18 January 2022
/
Revised: 9 February 2022
/
Accepted: 9 February 2022
/
Published: 17 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Section "Cancer Biomarkers" in 2022)
Simple Summary
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogenous and aggressive malignancy of the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tract, marked by a steeply rising incidence on a global scale. While surgery remains the only curative treatment option, most patients present with advanced or unresectable disease, and are, therefore, treated with systemic therapy, albeit with limited benefit. Biomarkers obtained from either the patients’ serum or tumor tissue might facilitate therapy guidance by selecting patients who would benefit the most from surgical and adjuvant treatment strategies, as well as by identifying those with higher risk of disease recurrence. Furthermore, several genetic aberrations in CCA have been linked with improved response upon targeted therapies, thus highlighting their role as predictive biomarkers. In this review we provide an overview of currently known prognostic and predictive biomarkers and discuss their role in CCA.
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer and subsumes a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors arising from the intra- or extrahepatic biliary tract epithelium. A rising mortality from CCA has been reported worldwide during the last decade, despite significant improvement of surgical and palliative treatment. Over 50% of CCAs originate from proximal extrahepatic bile ducts and constitute the most common CCA entity in the Western world. Clinicopathological characteristics such as lymph node status and poor differentiation remain the best-studied, but imperfect prognostic factors. The identification of prognostic molecular markers as an adjunct to traditional staging systems may not only facilitate the selection of patients who would benefit the most from surgical, adjuvant or palliative treatment strategies, but may also be helpful in defining the aggressiveness of the disease and identifying patients at high-risk for tumor recurrence. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of currently known molecular prognostic and predictive markers and their role in CCA.
