Does Robotic Liver Surgery Enhance R0 Results in Liver Malignancies during Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery?—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Literature Search Strategy
2.2. Aim of Study
2.3. Inclusion Criteria
2.4. Exclusion Criteria
2.5. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results of the Literature Search
3.2. Resection Margin Status
3.3. Operation Time
3.4. Intra-Operative Blood Loss
3.5. Length of Hospital Stay
3.6. Tumor Size
3.7. Overall Complications
3.8. Severe Complications
3.9. Conversion
3.10. Liver Malignancies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Liu, R.; Wakabayashi, G.; Kim, H.-J.; Choi, G.-H.; Yiengpruksawan, A.; Fong, Y.; He, J.; Boggi, U.; I Troisi, R.; Efanov, M.; et al. International consensus statement on robotic hepatectomy surgery in 2018. World J. Gastroenterol. 2019, 25, 1432–1444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qiu, J.; Chen, S.; Chengyou, D. A systematic review of robotic-assisted liver resection and meta-analysis of robotic versus laparoscopic hepatectomy for hepatic neoplasms. Surg. Endosc. 2016, 30, 862–875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, Y.; Guo, K.; Xu, J.; Xia, T.; Wang, T.; Liu, N.; Fu, Y. Robotic versus laparoscopic hepatectomy for malignancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J. Surg. 2021, 44, 615–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, J.M.; Li, J.F.; Yuan, G.D.; He, S.Q. Robot-assisted versus laparoscopic minor hepatectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021, 100, e25648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Agrawal, S.; Belghiti, J. Oncologic resection for malignant tumors of the liver. Ann. Surg. 2011, 253, 656–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Centonze, L.; De Carlis, R.; Vella, I.; Carbonaro, L.; Incarbone, N.; Palmieri, L.; Sgrazzutti, C.; Ficarelli, A.; Valsecchi, M.G.; Iacono, U.D.; et al. From LI-RADS Classification to HCC Pathology: A Retrospective Single-Institution Analysis of Clinico-Pathological Features Affecting Oncological Outcomes after Curative Surgery. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spolverato, G.; Yakoob, M.Y.; Kim, Y.; Alexandrescu, S.; Marques, H.P.; Lamelas, J.; Aldrighetti, L.; Gamblin, T.C.; Maithel, S.K.; Pulitano, C.; et al. The Impact of Surgical Margin Status on Long-Term Outcome After Resection for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2015, 22, 4020–4028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eveno, C.; Karoui, M.; Gayat, E.; Luciani, A.; Auriault, M.; Kluger, M.D.; Baumgaertner, I.; Baranes, L.; Laurent, A.; Tayar, C.; et al. Liver resection for colorectal liver metastases with peri-operative chemotherapy: Oncological results of R1 resections. HPB (Oxford) 2013, 15, 359–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Troisi, R.I.; Patriti, A.; Montalti, R.; Casciola, L. Robot assistance in liver surgery: A real advantage over a fully laparoscopic approach? Results of a comparative bi-institutional analysis. Int. J. Med. Robot 2013, 9, 160–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, K.-F.; Cheung, Y.-S.; Chong, C.C.N.; Wong, J.; Fong, A.K.W.; Lai, P.B.S. Laparoscopic and robotic hepatectomy: Experience from a single centre. ANZ J. Surg. 2016, 86, 122–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamarajah, S.K.; Bundred, J.; Manas, D.; Jiao, L.R.; Abu Hilal, M.; White, S.A. Robotic versus conventional laparoscopic liver resections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand. J. Surg. 2021, 110, 290–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Montalti, R.; Berardi, G.; Patriti, A.; Vivarelli, M.; Troisi, R.I. Outcomes of robotic vs laparoscopic hepatectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2015, 21, 8441–8451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Guan, R.; Chen, Y.; Yang, K.; Ma, D.; Gong, X.; Shen, B.; Peng, C. Clinical efficacy of robot-assisted versus laparoscopic liver resection: A meta analysis. Asian J. Surg. 2019, 42, 19–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montalti, R.; Scuderi, V.; Patriti, A.; Vivarelli, M.; Troisi, R.I. Robotic versus laparoscopic resections of posterosuperior segments of the liver: A propensity score-matched comparison. Surg. Endosc. 2016, 30, 1004–1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marino, M.V.; Podda, M.; Fernandez, C.C.; Ruiz, M.G.; Fleitas, M.G. The application of indocyanine green-fluorescence imaging during robotic-assisted liver resection for malignant tumors: A single-arm feasibility cohort study. HPB (Oxford) 2020, 22, 422–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rahimli, M.; Perrakis, A.; Schellerer, V.; Gumbs, A.; Lorenz, E.; Franz, M.; Arend, J.; Negrini, V.-R.; Croner, R.S. Robotic and laparoscopic liver surgery for colorectal liver metastases: An experience from a German Academic Center. World J. Surg. Oncol. 2020, 18, 333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Z.; Yin, Z.; Pan, L.; Li, C.; Hu, M.; Lau, W.Y.; Liu, R. Robotic hepatic resection in postero-superior region of liver. Updates Surg. 2021, 73, 1007–1014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morelli, L.; Guadagni, S.; Furbetta, N.; Di Franco, G.; Palmeri, M.; Gianardi, D.; Bianchini, M.; Guadagnucci, M.; Pollina, L.; Masi, G.; et al. Robotic-assisted surgery for colorectal liver metastasis: A single-centre experience. J. Minim. Access Surg. 2019, 16, 160–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Croner, R.S.; Perrakis, A.; Brunner, M.; Matzel, K.E.; Hohenberger, W. Pioneering Robotic Liver Surgery in Germany: First Experiences with Liver Malignancies. Front. Surg. 2015, 2, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guerra, F.; Bonapasta, S.A.; Annecchiarico, M.; Bongiolatti, S.; Coratti, A. Robot-integrated intraoperative ultrasound: Initial experience with hepatic malignancies. Minim. Invasive Ther. Allied Technol. 2015, 24, 345–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Sandro, S.; Danieli, M.; Ferla, F.; Lauterio, A.; De Carlis, R.; Benuzzi, L.; Buscemi, V.; Pezzoli, I.; De Carlis, L. The current role of laparoscopic resection for HCC: A systematic review of past ten years. Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018, 3, 68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perrakis, A.; Rahimli, M.; Gumbs, A.A.; Negrini, V.; Andric, M.; Stockheim, J.; Wex, C.; Lorenz, E.; Arend, J.; Franz, M.; et al. Three-Device (3D) Technique for Liver Parenchyma Dissection in Robotic Liver Surgery. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 5265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Croner, R.S.; Gumbs, A.A.; Perrakis, A.; Andric, M.; Stockheim, J.; Lorenz, E.; Arend, J.; Franz, M.; Rahimli, M. Robotic vs. laparoscopic liver surgery: What are the advantages of the robot? Dig. Med. Res. 2021, 4, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franz, M.; Arend, J.; Wolff, S.; Perrakis, A.; Rahimli, M.; Negrini, V.-R.; Stockheim, J.; Lorenz, E.; Croner, R. Tumor visualization and fluorescence angiography with indocyanine green (ICG) in laparoscopic and robotic hepatobiliary surgery-valuation of early adopters from Germany. Innov. Surg. Sci. 2021, 6, 59–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gumbs, A.A.; Abu-Hilal, M.; Tsai, T.-J.; Starker, L.; Chouillard, E.; Croner, R. Keeping surgeons in the loop: Are handheld robotics the best path towards more autonomous actions? (A comparison of complete vs. handheld robotic hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases). Artif. Intell. Surg. 2021, 1, 38–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stang, A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2010, 25, 603–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liberati, A.; Altman, D.G.; Tetzlaff, J.; Mulrow, C.; Gotzsche, P.C.; Ioannidis, J.P.A.; Clarke, M.; Devereaux, P.J.; Kleijnen, J.; Moher, D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Explanation and elaboration. BMJ 2009, 339, b2700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Luo, D.; Wan, X.; Liu, J.; Tong, T. Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and/or mid-quartile range. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 2018, 27, 1785–1805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wan, X.; Wang, W.; Liu, J.; Tong, T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2014, 14, 135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mejia, A.; Cheng, S.S.; Vivian, E.; Shah, J.; Oduor, H.; Archarya, P. Minimally invasive liver resection in the era of robotics: Analysis of 214 cases. Surg. Endosc. 2019, 34, 339–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berber, E.; Akyildiz, H.Y.; Aucejo, F.; Gunasekaran, G.; Chalikonda, S.; Fung, J. Robotic versus laparoscopic resection of liver tumours. HPB (Oxford) 2010, 12, 583–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Spampinato, M.G.; Coratti, A.; Bianco, L.; Caniglia, F.; Laurenzi, A.; Puleo, F.; Ettorre, G.M.; Boggi, U. Perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic and robot-assisted major hepatectomies: An Italian multi-institutional comparative study. Surg. Endosc. 2014, 28, 2973–2979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Croner, R.S.; Perrakis, A.; Hohenberger, W.; Brunner, M. Robotic liver surgery for minor hepatic resections: A comparison with laparoscopic and open standard procedures. Langenbeck’s Arch. Surg. 2016, 401, 707–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lai, E.C.; Tang, C.N. Long-term Survival Analysis of Robotic Versus Conventional Laparoscopic Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comparative Study. Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan Tech. 2016, 26, 162–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Magistri, P.; Tarantino, G.; Guidetti, C.; Assirati, G.; Olivieri, T.; Ballarin, R.; Coratti, A.; Di Benedetto, F. Laparoscopic versus robotic surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma: The first 46 consecutive cases. J. Surg. Res. 2017, 217, 92–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fruscione, M.; Pickens, R.; Baker, E.H.; Cochran, A.; Khan, A.; Ocuin, L.; Iannitti, D.A.; Vrochides, D.; Martinie, J.B. Robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic major liver resection: Analysis of outcomes from a single center. HPB (Oxford) 2019, 21, 906–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, M.; Liu, Y.; Li, C.; Wang, G.; Yin, Z.; Lau, W.Y.; Liu, R. Robotic versus laparoscopic liver resection in complex cases of left lateral sectionectomy. Int. J. Surg. 2019, 67, 54–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lim, C.; Salloum, C.; Tudisco, A.; Ricci, C.; Osseis, M.; Napoli, N.; Lahat, E.; Boggi, U.; Azoulay, D. Short- and Long-term Outcomes after Robotic and Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Malignancies: A Propensity Score-Matched Study. World J. Surg. 2019, 43, 1594–1603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marino, M.V.; Shabat, G.; Guarrasi, D.; Gulotta, G.; Komorowski, A. Comparative Study of the Initial Experience in Performing Robotic and Laparoscopic Right Hepatectomy with Technical Description of the Robotic Technique. Dig. Surg. 2018, 36, 241–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, J.-P.; Chen, W.; Chen, L.-H.; Wan, X.-Y.; Lai, J.-M.; Yin, X.-Y. Comparison between robotic-assisted and laparoscopic left hemi-hepatectomy. Asian J. Surg. 2022, 45, 265–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lorenz, E.; Arend, J.; Franz, M.; Rahimli, M.; Perrakis, A.; Negrini, V.; Gumbs, A.A.; Croner, R.S. Robotic and laparoscopic liver resection-comparative experiences at a high-volume German academic center. Langenbecks Arch. Surg. 2021, 406, 753–761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, L.; Yuan, Q.; Xu, Y.; Wang, W. Comparative clinical outcomes of robot-assisted liver resection versus laparoscopic liver resection: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0240593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giannone, F.; Felli, E.; Cherkaoui, Z.; Mascagni, P.; Pessaux, P. Augmented Reality and Image-Guided Robotic Liver Surgery. Cancers 2021, 13, 6268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gumbs, A.A.; Abu Hilal, M.; Croner, R.; Gayet, B.; Chouillard, E.; Gagner, M. The initiation, standardization and proficiency (ISP) phases of the learning curve for minimally invasive liver resection: Comparison of a fellowship-trained surgeon with the pioneers and early adopters. Surg. Endosc. 2021, 35, 5268–5278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Author | Year | Country | Study Design | Approach | Cases (n) | Malignant Cases (n) | Positive RM (n) | Sex (m/f) | Study Quality (NOS) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berber [31] | 2010 | USA | RCS | RLR | 9 | 9 | 0 | 7/2 | 9 |
LLR | 23 | 23 | 0 | 12/11 | |||||
Troisi [9] | 2013 | Belgium/Italy | RCS | RLR | 40 | 28 | 3 | 27/13 | 7 |
LLR | 223 | 134 | 12 | 98/125 | |||||
Spampinato [32] | 2014 | Italy | RCS | RLR | 25 | 17 | 0 | 13/12 | 8 |
LLR | 25 | 23 | 2 | 10/15 | |||||
Croner [33] | 2016 | Germany | RCS | RLR | 10 | 10 | 0 | 8/2 | 9 |
LLR | 19 | 15 | 0 | 13/6 | |||||
Lai [34] | 2016 | China | RCS | RLR | 100 | 100 | 4 | 66/29 | 7 |
LLR | 35 | 35 | 3 | 26/9 | |||||
Lee [10] | 2016 | China | RCS | RLR | 70 | 52 | 1 | 46/24 | 9 |
LLR | 66 | 57 | 1 | 39/27 | |||||
Magistri [35] | 2017 | Italy | RCS | RLR | 22 | 22 | 1 | 18/4 | 9 |
LLR | 24 | 24 | 1 | 15/9 | |||||
Fruscione [36] | 2019 | USA | RCS | RLR | 57 | 37 | 3 | 20/37 | 7 |
LLR | 116 | 54 | 4 | 52/64 | |||||
Hu [37] | 2019 | China | RCS | RLR | 58 | 36 | 0 | 33/25 | 9 |
LLR | 54 | 26 | 0 | 26/28 | |||||
Lim [38] | 2019 | France/Italy | RCS | RLR | 61 | 61 | 7 | 41/20 | 8 |
LLR | 111 | 111 | 17 | 83/28 | |||||
Marino [39] | 2019 | Italy | RCS | RLR | 14 | 12 | 1 | 8/6 | 8 |
LLR | 20 | 20 | 3 | 11/9 | |||||
Mejia (a) [30] | 2020 | USA | RCS | RLR | 35 | 22 | 2 | 16/19 | 8 |
LLR | 85 | 32 | 3 | 36/49 | |||||
Mejia (b) [30] | 2020 | USA | RCS | RLR | 8 | 7 | 0 | 4/4 | 8 |
LLR | 13 | 4 | 1 | 6/7 | |||||
Cai [40] | 2021 | China | RCS | RLR | 25 | 12 | 0 | 12/13 | 9 |
LLR | 27 | 15 | 0 | 18/9 | |||||
Lorenz [41] | 2021 | Germany | RCS | RLR | 44 | 32 | 2 | 24/20 | 8 |
LLR | 111 | 58 | 7 | 50/61 |
Outcomes | Studies | Cases (n) | OR/MD | 95% CI | p-Value | Heterogeneity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n) | RLR/LLR | I2 (%) | p-Value | Model | ||||
Positive resection margin | 14 | 457/631 | 0.71 | 0.42–1.18 | 0.18 | 0 | 0.98 | FE |
Operation time | 13 | 565/894 | 28.12 | 3.66–52.57 | 0.02 | 90 | <0.00001 | RE |
Intra-operative blood loss | 11 | 404/748 | −8.56 | −70.86–53.73 | 0.79 | 82 | <0.00001 | RE |
Length of stay | 11 | 531/846 | −0.02 | −0.56–0.53 | 0.94 | 76 | <0.00001 | RE |
Tumor size | 10 | 433/557 | 6.92 | 2.93–10.91 | 0.0007 | 52 | 0.02 | RE |
Overall complications | 13 | 534/841 | 0.78 | 0.56–1.09 | 0.15 | 21 | 0.23 | FE |
Severe complications | 8 | 284/492 | 0.92 | 0.51–1.68 | 0.79 | 2 | 0.42 | FE |
Conversion | 10 | 426/622 | 0.74 | 0.44–1.23 | 0.25 | 44 | 0.07 | FE |
Author | Year | Approach | HCC | CCA | CRLM | Other Malignancies |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berber [31] | 2010 | RLR | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
LLR | 7 | 0 | 14 | 2 | ||
Troisi [9] | 2013 | RLR | 3 | 1 | 24 | 0 |
LLR | 9 | 2 | 108 | 15 | ||
Spampinato [32] | 2014 | RLR | 2 | 2 | 11 | 2 |
LLR | 1 | 3 | 16 | 3 | ||
Croner [33] | 2016 | RLR | 4 | 1 | 5 | 0 |
LLR | 5 | 2 | 5 | 3 | ||
Lai [34] | 2016 | RLR | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
LLR | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Lee [10] | 2016 | RLR | 40 | 3 | 8 | 1 |
LLR | 41 | 1 | 13 | 2 | ||
Magistri [35] | 2017 | RLR | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
LLR | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Fruscione [36] | 2019 | RLR | 4 | 7 | uc | uc |
LLR | 16 | 7 | uc | uc | ||
Hu [37] | 2019 | RLR | 25 | 4 | 2 | 5 |
LLR | 23 | 1 | 2 | 0 | ||
Lim [38] | 2019 | RLR | 42 | 2 | 15 | 2 |
LLR | 72 | 6 | 23 | 10 | ||
Marino [39] | 2019 | RLR | 4 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
LLR | 7 | 0 | 13 | 0 | ||
Mejia (a) [30] | 2020 | RLR | 18 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
LLR | 26 | 0 | 6 | 0 | ||
Mejia (b) [30] | 2020 | RLR | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
LLR | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Cai [40] | 2021 | RLR | 8 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
LLR | 9 | 5 | uc | uc | ||
Lorenz [41] | 2021 | RLR | 13 | 5 | 12 | 2 |
LLR | 33 | 4 | 12 | 9 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rahimli, M.; Perrakis, A.; Andric, M.; Stockheim, J.; Franz, M.; Arend, J.; Al-Madhi, S.; Abu Hilal, M.; Gumbs, A.A.; Croner, R.S. Does Robotic Liver Surgery Enhance R0 Results in Liver Malignancies during Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery?—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers 2022, 14, 3360. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143360
Rahimli M, Perrakis A, Andric M, Stockheim J, Franz M, Arend J, Al-Madhi S, Abu Hilal M, Gumbs AA, Croner RS. Does Robotic Liver Surgery Enhance R0 Results in Liver Malignancies during Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery?—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers. 2022; 14(14):3360. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143360
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahimli, Mirhasan, Aristotelis Perrakis, Mihailo Andric, Jessica Stockheim, Mareike Franz, Joerg Arend, Sara Al-Madhi, Mohammed Abu Hilal, Andrew A. Gumbs, and Roland S. Croner. 2022. "Does Robotic Liver Surgery Enhance R0 Results in Liver Malignancies during Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery?—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Cancers 14, no. 14: 3360. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143360