Diagnostic Utility of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Patients with Acute Leukemia under Broad-Spectrum Anti-Infective Treatment
by
, , , and
Susanne Ghandili
1,†
,
Philipp H. von Kroge
2,†,
Marcel Simon
1,
Frank O. Henes
3,
Holger Rohde
4,
Armin Hoffmann
4,
Nick Benjamin Lindeman
1,
Carsten Bokemeyer
1,
Walter Fiedler
1
and
Franziska Modemann
1,5,* 1
Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
2
Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
3
Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
4
The Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
5
Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Cancers 2022, 14(11), 2773; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14112773
Submission received: 9 May 2022
/
Revised: 26 May 2022
/
Accepted: 30 May 2022
/
Published: 2 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Agents and Cancer)
Simple Summary
Infections of bacterial, viral, or fungal origin pose a major threat to patients with acute leukemia. Empiric antibiotic and antifungal treatment is a commonly used approach in leukemia patients with febrile neutropenia. To investigate the utility of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in acute leukemia (AL) patients with pneumonia who were already treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and antifungal agents, we investigated bronchoalveolar samples of 88 patients. Our results indicate that despite broad-spectrum anti-infective treatment, in approximately half of all patients, pathogens could still be isolated in bronchoalveolar samples. Nevertheless, the detection of pathogens does not lead to frequent changes in anti-infective treatments, with most changes performed in patients with herpes simplex and influenza virus detection, and these pathogens might also be detected in less invasive examinations. The need for FB with BAL in patients with AL who are already receiving broad-spectrum empiric anti-infective treatment should therefore be weighed carefully.
Abstract
Despite therapeutic advances in the prevention and treatment of febrile neutropenia, acute leukemia (AL) patients still have considerable febrile neutropenia-related mortality. However, the diagnostic yield of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in acute leukemia patients is unclear. In this retrospective single-center study, we analyzed 88 BAL samples of patients with acute leukemia and pulmonary infiltrates in spite of treatment with broad-spectrum anti-infective agents. The aim was to investigate the impact of FB with BAL on detecting causative organisms, which would result in a change in treatment regimens. The median age was 59 years, and 86% had acute myeloid leukemia. In 47%, pathogens were detectable in BAL fluid (pathogen bacteria, viruses, and fungi in 2, 15, and 18%, respectively), with Aspergillus fumigatus detected most frequently. BAL-guided anti-infective therapy changes were performed in 15%. The detection of herpes simplex and influenza viruses were the main reasons for treatment changes. Despite broad-spectrum anti-infective treatment, in approximately half of all patients, pathogens could still be isolated in BAL samples. However, consecutive changes in anti-infective treatment were considerably less frequent, with most changes performed in patients with Herpes simplex virus and Influenza A detection. The need for FB with BAL in patients with AL receiving broad-spectrum empiric anti-infective treatment should therefore be weighed carefully.
