Toxins 2017, 9(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9030075
Acute Oral Toxicity of Tetrodotoxin in Mice: Determination of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) and No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL)
Paula Abal 1
, M. Carmen Louzao 1,*, Alvaro Antelo 2, Mercedes Alvarez 2, Eva Cagide 2, Natalia Vilariño 1, Mercedes R. Vieytes 3 and Luis M. Botana 1,*
, M. Carmen Louzao 1,*, Alvaro Antelo 2, Mercedes Alvarez 2, Eva Cagide 2, Natalia Vilariño 1, Mercedes R. Vieytes 3 and Luis M. Botana 1,*
1
Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
2
Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Plaza Santo Domingo 20-5°, Lugo 27001, Spain
3
Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Vítor Vasconcelos
Received: 9 January 2017 / Revised: 26 January 2017 / Accepted: 22 February 2017 / Published: 24 February 2017
(This article belongs to the Collection Marine and Freshwater Toxins)
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is starting to appear in molluscs from the European waters and is a hazard to seafood consumers. This toxin blocks sodium channels resulting in neuromuscular paralysis and even death. As a part of the risk assessment process leading to a safe seafood level for TTX, oral toxicity data are required. In this study, a 4-level Up and Down Procedure was designed in order to determine for the first time the oral lethal dose 50 (LD50) and the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) in mice by using an accurate well-characterized TTX standard. View Full-TextKeywords:
acute oral toxicity; European molluscs; lethal dose 50 (LD50); No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL); risk assessment; tetrodotoxin
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MDPI and ACS Style
Abal, P.; Louzao, M.C.; Antelo, A.; Alvarez, M.; Cagide, E.; Vilariño, N.; Vieytes, M.R.; Botana, L.M. Acute Oral Toxicity of Tetrodotoxin in Mice: Determination of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) and No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). Toxins 2017, 9, 75.
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