Treatment of Chronic Migraine with Focus on Botulinum Neurotoxins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pathophysiology
3. Treatment
4. Botulinum Toxins (BoNTs): Animal Data
4.1. Peripheral Effects
4.2. Central Effects
5. Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Chronic Migraine
6. Comparator Studies of BoNTs vs. Oral Agents in Chronic Migraine
6.1. Botulinum Toxin vs. Divalproex Sodium
6.2. Botulinum Toxin vs. Topiramate
7. The Issue of Medication Overuse in Chronic Migraine
8. Long-Term Efficacy, Safety, and Effects on Quality of Life
9. Techniques of Injection
Method | Procerus (Midline) | Corrugator | Frontalis | Temporalis | Occipitalis | Splenius/Paraspinalis | Trapezius | Masseter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blumenfeld et al. 2003 [53]; Silberstein 2009 [54] (Figure 1a, Figure 2a and Figure 3a) | 2.5–5 u | 2.5 u × 2 | 2.5 u × 5 | 2.5–5 u × 4 | 2.5–5 u × 1 | 2.5–5 u × 1 | 2.5 u × 2 | 2.5–5 u × 1 |
PREEMPT Blumenfeld 2010 [55] (Figure 1b, Figure 2b and Figure 3b) | 5 u | 5 u × 1 | 5 u × 2 | 5 u × 4 | 5 u × 3 | 5 u × 2 | 5 u × 3 | - |
Jabbari (Yale) 2015 [56], (Figure 1c, Figure 2c and Figure 3c) * | 5 u | 5 u × 1 | 5 u × 3 | 15 u × 2 | 10 u × 1 | 10 u × 3 | - | - |
10. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Schaefer, S.M.; Gottschalk, C.H.; Jabbari, B. Treatment of Chronic Migraine with Focus on Botulinum Neurotoxins. Toxins 2015, 7, 2615-2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7072615
Schaefer SM, Gottschalk CH, Jabbari B. Treatment of Chronic Migraine with Focus on Botulinum Neurotoxins. Toxins. 2015; 7(7):2615-2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7072615
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchaefer, Sara M., Christopher H. Gottschalk, and Bahman Jabbari. 2015. "Treatment of Chronic Migraine with Focus on Botulinum Neurotoxins" Toxins 7, no. 7: 2615-2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7072615