Prevalence and Concentration of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | No. of Trials | ES (95% CI) | p | I2 (%) | PQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pakistan | 116 | 0.41 (0.35, 0.46) | <0.001 | 92.30 | <0.001 |
Iran | 52 | 0.66 (0.56, 0.76) | <0.001 | 96.05 | <0.001 |
Turkey | 48 | 0.41 (0.31, 0.52) | <0.001 | 97.77 | <0.001 |
Egypt | 31 | 0.29 (0.18, 0.40) | <0.001 | 97.60 | <0.001 |
Tunisia | 21 | 0.31 (0.16, 0.47) | <0.001 | 97.36 | <0.001 |
Qatar | 18 | 0.46 (0.28, 0.64) | <0.001 | 78.24 | <0.001 |
Saudi Arabia | 11 | 0.15 (0.09, 0.23) | <0.001 | 93.53 | <0.001 |
Middle East | 16 | 0.39 (0.24, 0.56) | <0.001 | 95.9 | – |
Jordan | 3 | 0.63 (0.25, 0.94) | <0.001 | – | – |
Sudan | 3 | 0.45 (0.32, 0.59) | <0.001 | – | – |
Algeria | 2 | 0.87 (0.74, 0.96) | <0.001 | – | – |
Morocco | 1 | 0.31 (0.21, 0.43) | <0.001 | – | – |
Yemen | 1 | 0.72 (0.60, 0.82) | <0.001 | – | – |
Overall estimate | 323 | 0.42 (0.38, 0.46) | <0.001 | 96.71 | <0.001 |
Mycotoxin Type | No. of Trials | ES (95% CI) | p | I2 (%) | PQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aflatoxins | 172 | 0.47 (0.40, 0.53) | <0.001 | 97.35 | <0.001 |
Ochratoxin A | 49 | 0.31 (0.23, 0.39) | <0.001 | 91.34 | <0.001 |
Zearalenone | 36 | 0.33 (0.23, 0.43) | <0.001 | 93.98 | <0.001 |
Fumonisins | 31 | 0.47 (0.35, 0.60) | <0.001 | 96.79 | <0.001 |
Deoxynivalenol | 23 | 0.42 (0.32, 0.53) | <0.001 | 92.42 | <0.001 |
T-2 toxin | 12 | 0.18 (0.06, 0.34) | <0.001 | 96.97 | <0.001 |
Overall estimate | 323 | 0.42 (0.38, 0.46) | <0.001 | 96.71 | <0.001 |
Ingredients | No. of Trials | ES (95% CI) | p | I2 (%) | PQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Finished feed | 117 | 0.46 (0.39, 0.54 | <0.001 | 97.94 | <0.001 |
Cereals | 115 | 0.33 (0.28, 0.37) | <0.001 | 93.33 | <0.001 |
Oilseed meal/cake | 47 | 0.49 (0.40, 0.58) | <0.001 | 91.68 | <0.001 |
Silage | 10 | 0.57 (0.33, 0.80) | <0.001 | 96.01 | <0.001 |
Wheat bran | 9 | 0.41 (0.14, 0.72) | <0.001 | 95.46 | <0.001 |
Hay | 7 | 0.50 (0.26, 0.74) | <0.001 | 93.87 | <0.001 |
Gluten meal | 4 | 0.31 (0.17, 0.46) | <0.001 | 36.13 | 0.20 |
Animal protein-based meal | 4 | 0.28 (0.05, 0.58) | <0.001 | 78.84 | <0.001 |
Straw | 4 | 0.52 (0.27, 0.76) | <0.001 | 90.71 | <0.001 |
Beet pulp | 3 | 0.53 (0.22, 0.83) | <0.001 | – | – |
Dried bread | 3 | 0.80 (0.61, 0.94) | <0.001 | – | – |
Overall estimate | 323 | 0.42 (0.38, 0.46) | <0.001 | 96.71 | <0.001 |
Mycotoxin Type | No. of trials | ES (95% CI) | p | I2 (%) | PQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aflatoxins | 114 | 23.38 (−47.98, 94.74) | 0.521 | 100 | <0.001 |
Ochratoxin A | 43 | 12.01 (10.93, 13.08) | <0.001 | 99.1 | <0.001 |
Zearalenone | 11 | 17.56 (15.07, 20.05) | <0.001 | 99.8 | <0.001 |
Fumonisins | 6 | 1240.1 (841.9, 1638.3) | <0.001 | 100 | <0.001 |
Deoxynivalenol | 5 | 806.1 (1.03, 2615.8) | 0.038 | 100 | <0.001 |
T-2 toxin | 7 | 43.60 (−28.63, 115.8) | 0.237 | 100 | <0.001 |
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Jalilzadeh-Amin, G.; Dalir-Naghadeh, B.; Ahmadnejad-Asl-Gavgani, M.; Fallah, A.A.; Mousavi Khaneghah, A. Prevalence and Concentration of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Toxins 2023, 15, 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15030214
Jalilzadeh-Amin G, Dalir-Naghadeh B, Ahmadnejad-Asl-Gavgani M, Fallah AA, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Prevalence and Concentration of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Toxins. 2023; 15(3):214. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15030214
Chicago/Turabian StyleJalilzadeh-Amin, Ghader, Bahram Dalir-Naghadeh, Masoud Ahmadnejad-Asl-Gavgani, Aziz A. Fallah, and Amin Mousavi Khaneghah. 2023. "Prevalence and Concentration of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Toxins 15, no. 3: 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15030214