Ideal Injection Points for Botulinum Neurotoxin for Pectoralis Minor Syndrome: A Cadaveric Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Locations of the Pm Muscle: Origin and Nerve Entry Points
2.2. Intramuscular Arborization Patterns of the Pm Muscle
2.3. Blind Dye Injection of the Pm Muscle of Fresh Cadavers
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Measurements of the Location of the Pm
5.1.1. Identification of the Location of the Origin of the Pectoralis Minor Muscle Based on the Surface Landmarks
5.1.2. Nerve Entry Point of the Pm Muscle
5.2. Intramuscular Arborization of the Pm Muscle
Modified Sihler’s Staining
5.3. Cadaveric Evaluation of Blind Injection of the Pm Muscle
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BoNT | Botulinum neurotoxins |
PM | Pectoralis minor muscle |
PMS | Pectoralis minor syndrome |
TOS | Thoracic outlet syndrome |
CL | The line passing the medial one-third of the clavicle at a 45-degree angle |
SL | The line passing through the suprasternal notch at a 45-degree angle |
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Rib Number * | 1.5–3.5 | 2–4 | 2–4.5 | 2–5 | 2.5–4 | 2.5–4.5 | 2.5–5 | 3–5 | 3–5.5 | 3–6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | 1 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 1 |
Percentage | 3% | 12% | 15% | 6% | 6% | 9% | 9% | 30% | 6% | 3% |
Rib Number | 2nd and 3rd Rib | 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Rib | 3rd, 4th, and 5th Rib |
---|---|---|---|
Cases | 10/33 | 22/33 | 1/33 |
Percentage | 30% | 67% | 3% |
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Lee, J.-H.; Lee, H.-J.; Yi, K.-H.; Lee, K.-W.; Gil, Y.-C.; Kim, H.-J. Ideal Injection Points for Botulinum Neurotoxin for Pectoralis Minor Syndrome: A Cadaveric Study. Toxins 2023, 15, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100603
Lee J-H, Lee H-J, Yi K-H, Lee K-W, Gil Y-C, Kim H-J. Ideal Injection Points for Botulinum Neurotoxin for Pectoralis Minor Syndrome: A Cadaveric Study. Toxins. 2023; 15(10):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100603
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Ji-Hyun, Hyung-Jin Lee, Kyu-Ho Yi, Kang-Woo Lee, Young-Chun Gil, and Hee-Jin Kim. 2023. "Ideal Injection Points for Botulinum Neurotoxin for Pectoralis Minor Syndrome: A Cadaveric Study" Toxins 15, no. 10: 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100603