The Synergism of PGN, LTA and LPS in Inducing Transcriptome Changes, Inflammatory Responses and a Decrease in Lactation as Well as the Associated Epigenetic Mechanisms in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of LPS Stimulation and Co-Stimulation with PGN, LTA and LPS (PLL) on Transcriptome
2.1.1. Overview of RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) Data
2.1.2. Gene Ontology (GO) Function Annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway Enrichment Analyses of DEGs
2.2. Validation of RNA-Seq Data by Reverse Transcription Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) Analyses
2.3. LPS and PLL Reduced Global DNA Methylation Levels by Suppressing DNMT Activity
2.4. LPS and PLL Reduced Histone H3 Acetylation Levels by Suppressing HAT Activity and Promoting HDAC Activity
2.5. LPS and PLL Promoted Inflammation but Reduced Lactation
2.5.1. LPS and PLL Increased Inflammatory Factor Release
2.5.2. LPS and PLL Decreased Casein Synthesis
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Cell Culture and Treatments
5.2. RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR Validation
5.3. Western Blot and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
5.4. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Symbol | Gene Description | Fold Change * | |
---|---|---|---|
LPS | PLL | ||
Cytokines and Chemokines | |||
CCL20 | C-C motif chemokine 20 | 802.17 | 1266.00 |
CCL5 | C-C motif chemokine 5 | 9.29 | 13.80 |
CXCL1 | chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 | 6.34 | 9.52 |
CXCL6 | chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 | 20.07 | 32.26 |
CXCL8 (IL-8) | interleukin-8 | 26.24 | 54.95 |
IL1A (IL-1α) | interleukin-1 alpha | 3.73 | 5.76 |
IL1B (IL-1β) | interleukin-1 beta | 310.00 | 300.00 |
IL6 | interleukin-6 | 5.06 | 8.06 |
NFKBIA | NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha | 2.42 | 3.19 |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor | 34.00 | 62.00 |
CSF2 | granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | – | 4.11 |
Flt3lg | fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand isoform X2 | – | 2.08 |
TNFSF10 | tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 | – | 2.20 |
Another Immune Associated DEGs | |||
C1S | TPA: complement C1s subcomponent | 2.13 | - |
C2 | complement C2 | 4.44 | 6.44 |
CFB | complement factor B | 52.12 | 132.50 |
ISG15 | ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 | 2.16 | 11.60 |
MMP9 | matrix metalloproteinase-9 | 2.85 | 4.89 |
MAP2K6 | dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 | – | 0.46 |
MAP3K8 | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 isoform X2 | – | 2.77 |
CD14 | monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 isoform X2 | – | 5.77 |
ASAP3 | arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 | – | 3.20 |
TLR3 | toll-like receptor 3 isoform X1 | – | 2.53 |
MEFV | pyrin isoform X1 | – | 10.67 |
DHX58 | probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX58 | – | 2.95 |
DDX58 | probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 | – | 2.10 |
ZBP1 | TPA: Z-DNA binding protein 1-like | – | 3.47 |
CD3G | T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 gamma chain | – | 0.47 |
TNFAIP3 | tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 | – | 2.17 |
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Wu, Y.; Sun, Y.; Dong, X.; Chen, J.; Wang, Z.; Chen, J.; Dong, G. The Synergism of PGN, LTA and LPS in Inducing Transcriptome Changes, Inflammatory Responses and a Decrease in Lactation as Well as the Associated Epigenetic Mechanisms in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Toxins 2020, 12, 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060387
Wu Y, Sun Y, Dong X, Chen J, Wang Z, Chen J, Dong G. The Synergism of PGN, LTA and LPS in Inducing Transcriptome Changes, Inflammatory Responses and a Decrease in Lactation as Well as the Associated Epigenetic Mechanisms in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Toxins. 2020; 12(6):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060387
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yongjiang, Yawang Sun, Xianwen Dong, Jingbo Chen, Zili Wang, Juncai Chen, and Guozhong Dong. 2020. "The Synergism of PGN, LTA and LPS in Inducing Transcriptome Changes, Inflammatory Responses and a Decrease in Lactation as Well as the Associated Epigenetic Mechanisms in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells" Toxins 12, no. 6: 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060387