Next Article in Journal
A Spectroscopic Study on Secondary Structure and Thermal Unfolding of the Plant Toxin Gelonin Confirms Some Typical Structural Characteristics and Unravels the Sequence of Thermal Unfolding Events
Previous Article in Journal
Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Zearalenone to its Metabolites Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (HZEN) and Decarboxylated Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (DHZEN) Diminishes its Estrogenicity In Vitro and In Vivo
Article

Effects of Microcystin-LR on the Microstructure and Inflammation-Related Factors of Jejunum in Mice

Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2019, 11(9), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090482
Received: 18 June 2019 / Revised: 12 August 2019 / Accepted: 17 August 2019 / Published: 21 August 2019
The increasing cyanobacterial blooms have recently been considered a severe environmental problem. Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is one of the secondary products of cyanobacteria metabolism and most harmful cyanotoxins found in water bodies. Studies show MC-LR negatively affects various human organs when exposed to it. The phenotype of the jejunal chronic toxicity induced by MC-LR has not been well described. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of MC-LR on the jejunal microstructure and expression level of inflammatory-related factors in jejunum. Mice were treated with different doses (1, 30, 60, 90 and 120 μg/L) of MC-LR for six months. The microstructure and mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related factors in jejunum were analyzed. Results showed that the microstructure of the jejunum was destroyed and expression levels of inflammation-related factors interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor-β1 and interleukin (IL)-10 were altered at different MC-LR concentrations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that mice were exposed to a high dose of MC-LR for six months. Our data demonstrated MC-LR had the potential to cause intestinal toxicity by destroying the microstructure of the jejunum and inducing an inflammatory response in mice, which provided new insight into understanding the prevention and diagnosis of the intestinal diseases caused by MC-LR. View Full-Text
Keywords: MC-LR; mice; jejunum; inflammatory factor; chronic exposure MC-LR; mice; jejunum; inflammatory factor; chronic exposure
Show Figures

Figure 1

MDPI and ACS Style

Cao, L.; Huang, F.; Massey, I.Y.; Wen, C.; Zheng, S.; Xu, S.; Yang, F. Effects of Microcystin-LR on the Microstructure and Inflammation-Related Factors of Jejunum in Mice. Toxins 2019, 11, 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090482

AMA Style

Cao L, Huang F, Massey IY, Wen C, Zheng S, Xu S, Yang F. Effects of Microcystin-LR on the Microstructure and Inflammation-Related Factors of Jejunum in Mice. Toxins. 2019; 11(9):482. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090482

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cao, Linghui, Feiyu Huang, Isaac Y. Massey, Cong Wen, Shuilin Zheng, Shuaishuai Xu, and Fei Yang. 2019. "Effects of Microcystin-LR on the Microstructure and Inflammation-Related Factors of Jejunum in Mice" Toxins 11, no. 9: 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090482

Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Access Map by Country/Region

1
Back to TopTop