Decontamination of T-2 Toxin in Maize by Modified Montmorillonite Clay
by
Bunmi K. Olopade 1,*, Solomon U. Oranusi 1, Obinna C. Nwinyi 1,2
, Isiaka A. Lawal 3, Sefater Gbashi 2 and Patrick B. Njobeh 2
Bunmi K. Olopade 1,*, Solomon U. Oranusi 1, Obinna C. Nwinyi 1,2, Isiaka A. Lawal 3, Sefater Gbashi 2 and Patrick B. Njobeh 2
1
Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria
2
Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
3
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Boulevard, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2019, 11(11), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110616
Received: 8 September 2019 / Revised: 11 October 2019 / Accepted: 21 October 2019 / Published: 24 October 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Mycotoxins)
Montmorillonite clay has a wide range of applications, one of which includes the binding of mycotoxins in foods and feeds through adsorption. T-2 toxin, produced by some Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys species, causes dystrophy in the brain, heart, and kidney. Various formulations that include lemongrass essential oil-modified montmorillonite clay (LGEO-MMT), lemongrass powder (LGP), montmorillonite clay washed with 1 mM NaCl (Na-MMT), montmorillonite clay (MMT), and lemongrass powder mixed with montmorillonite clay (LGP-MMT) were applied to maize at concentrations of 8% and 12% and stored for a period of one month at 30 °C. Unmodified montmorillonite clay and LGP served as the negative controls alongside untreated maize. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the various treatments showed the major functional groups as Si-O and -OH. All treatment formulations were effective in the decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize. Accordingly, it was revealed that the inclusion of Na-MMT in maize at a concentration of 8% was most effective in decontaminating T-2 toxin by 66% in maize followed by LGP-MMT at 12% inclusion level recording a 56% decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize (p = 0.05). Montmorillonite clay can be effectively modified with plant extracts for the decontamination of T-2 toxin.
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Keywords:
decontamination; adsorption; T-2 toxin; montmorillonite clay; Cymbopogon citratus; maize
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Olopade, B.K.; Oranusi, S.U.; Nwinyi, O.C.; Lawal, I.A.; Gbashi, S.; Njobeh, P.B. Decontamination of T-2 Toxin in Maize by Modified Montmorillonite Clay. Toxins 2019, 11, 616.
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