A Dipteran’s Novel Sucker Punch: Evolution of Arthropod Atypical Venom with a Neurotoxic Component in Robber Flies (Asilidae, Diptera)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Assembled Transcripts and Numbers of Assigned Coding Regions
2.2. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profiles Differ in Thoracic Glands
2.3. Similar Transcript Diversity but Different Expression Levels in Thoracic Gland and Body Tissue Transcriptomes
2.4. Anatomy of the Venom Delivery System
2.5. Both Species Exhibit Similar Venom Proteomes
2.6. Neurotoxic Activity of U-Asilidin1-Mar1a
3. Discussion
3.1. Highly Expressed Novel Proteins
3.2. Asilid Venoms Contain Putative ICK Neurotoxins
3.3. Missing “Usual Suspect” Enzymes in Putative Asilid Venom?
3.4. Scenario for Envenomation of Prey by Asilids
3.5. Implications in the Context of Fly and Insect Venom Evolution
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Specimen Collection and Determination
5.2. Specimen Dissection and Sample Preservation
5.3. RNA Extraction, Transcriptome Sequencing and Assembly
5.4. Assessing Coding Regions and Expression Levels for Transcripts
5.5. Identification of Venom Protein Classes and Putative Toxins via Transcriptomics
5.6. Sample and Data Processing for Proteome Analyses
5.7. Chemical Synthesis of U-Asilidin1-Mar1a
5.8. HPLC Purification and Activity Tests of U-Asilidin1-Mar1a 1a with Bioassay
5.9. Morphological Work and Data Processing
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Tissue | Library Size (Raw Reads) | Library Size (Processed Reads) | Contigs of Cleaned Assembly | Extracted Coding Regions | Coding Regions (TPM ≥ 1, Kallisto) | Coding Regions (TPM ≥ 1, Segemehl) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eutolmus rufibarbis | Thoracic gland | 108,632,880 | 87,187,856 | 56,640 | 33,218 | 16,049 | 15,523 |
Body tissue | 64,751,420 | 50,968,759 | 70,281 | 42,919 | 32,920 | 28,827 | |
Machimus arthriticus | Thoracic gland | 106,668,752 | 83,421,201 | 69,849 | 41,816 | 17,798 | 15,346 |
Body tissue | 64,651,716 | 44,208,096 | 67,504 | 42,784 | 34,478 | 30,629 |
Protein Family | Structural Fold | Scaffold | Number of Residues | Molecular Weight (Average) | Proteome Hits E. rufibarbis | Proteome Hits M. arthriticus |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asilidin1 | ICK | Cx3-6Cx5-9CCx3-10Cx4-6C | 51–65 | 6.2 kDa | 1 | 3 |
Asilidin2 | unknown | Cx35Cx8-13Cx36-39C | 267–339 | 33.7 kDa | 5 | 8 |
Asilidin3 | unknown | Cx7-8Cx22Cx14C | 88–104 | 11.36 kDa | 1 | 2 |
Asilidin4 | unknown | no cysteine scaffold | 86 | 18.47 kDa | 1 | 1 |
Asilidin5 | unknown | no cysteine scaffold | 273 | 30.2 kDa | 1 | 0 |
Asilidin6 | unknown | no cysteine scaffold, two P rich domains | 115 | 13.12 kDa | 0 | 2 |
Asilidin7 | unknown | no cysteine scaffold | 139 | 15.43 kDa | 0 | 1 |
Asilidin8 | SVWC-domain | Cx16Cx4Cx10Cx7Cx14CCx5C | 101 | 11.29 kDa | 1 | 1 |
Asilidin9 | SVWC-domain | Cx22Cx4Cx10Cx8Cx12CCx4C | 118–119 | 13.5 kDa | 1 | 1 |
Asilidin10 | Natterin-like | no cysteine scaffold, P rich domain | 146–226 | 20.38 kDa | 0 | 2 |
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Drukewitz, S.H.; Fuhrmann, N.; Undheim, E.A.B.; Blanke, A.; Giribaldi, J.; Mary, R.; Laconde, G.; Dutertre, S.; Von Reumont, B.M. A Dipteran’s Novel Sucker Punch: Evolution of Arthropod Atypical Venom with a Neurotoxic Component in Robber Flies (Asilidae, Diptera). Toxins 2018, 10, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10010029
Drukewitz SH, Fuhrmann N, Undheim EAB, Blanke A, Giribaldi J, Mary R, Laconde G, Dutertre S, Von Reumont BM. A Dipteran’s Novel Sucker Punch: Evolution of Arthropod Atypical Venom with a Neurotoxic Component in Robber Flies (Asilidae, Diptera). Toxins. 2018; 10(1):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10010029
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrukewitz, Stephan Holger, Nico Fuhrmann, Eivind A. B. Undheim, Alexander Blanke, Julien Giribaldi, Rosanna Mary, Guillaume Laconde, Sébastien Dutertre, and Björn Marcus Von Reumont. 2018. "A Dipteran’s Novel Sucker Punch: Evolution of Arthropod Atypical Venom with a Neurotoxic Component in Robber Flies (Asilidae, Diptera)" Toxins 10, no. 1: 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10010029