Dietary Cholesterol in the Elderly Chinese Population: An Analysis of CNHS 2010–2012
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Dietary Data
2.3. Assessment of Dietary Cholesterol and Protein Intake
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subject Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Daily Cholesterol Intake Level
3.3. Food Sources of Dietary Cholesterol
3.4. The Relationship between Dietary Cholesterol and Serum Cholesterol
3.5. The Relationship between Dietary Cholesterol and Protein Intake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nation (n = 16,594) | Urban (n = 9095) | Rural (n = 7499) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 69.9 (69.8–70.1) | 70.0 (69.8–70.2) | 69.9 (69.7–70.1) * |
Male, % | 49.0 (48.2–49.8) | 48.4 (47.4–48.4) | 49.8 (48.6–50.9) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.7 (23.7–23.8) | 24.4 (24.4–24.5) | 23.0 (22.9–23.1) * |
Energy, kcal | 1826.1 (1816.2–1836.0) | 1728.0 (1715.3–1740.6) | 1928.6 (1913.1–1944.0) * |
Total protein, g | 54.8 (54.5–55.2) | 56.5 (56.0–57.0) | 53.0 (52.6–53.5) * |
High-quality protein, g | 21.2 (21.0–21.5) | 26.0 (25.6–26.4) | 16.2 (15.8–16.6) * |
Protein intake per kilogram BW, g | 0.95 (0.95–0.96) | 0.94 (0.93, 0.95) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98) * |
High-quality protein percentage, % | 35.3 (35.0, 35.6) | 43.0 (42.6, 43.4) | 27.2 (26.8, 27.7) * |
Fat, g | 65.8 (65.2–66.3) | 69.1 (68.3–69.8) | 62.3 (61.5–63.1) * |
Carbohydrate, g | 255.2 (253.6–256.8) | 221.7 (219.8–223.5) | 290.1 (287.5–292.8) * |
TC, mmol/L | 4.8 (4.8–4.9) | 4.9 (4.9–5.0) | 4.7 (4.7–4.8) * |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.0 (3.0–3.0) | 3.1 (3.0–3.1) | 2.9 (2.9–2.9) * |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) * |
Dietary Cholesterol | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nation (n = 16,594) | Urban (n = 9095) | Rural (n = 7499) | ||||
mg | mg/1000 kcal | mg | mg/1000 kcal | mg | mg/1000 kcal | |
Total | 217.4 (214.5–220.3) | 125.4 (123.7–127.1) | 264.0 (259.8–268.2) | 158.9 (156.4–161.5) | 168.8 (164.8–172.8) * | 90.3 (88.1–92.6) * |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 230.4 (226.1–234.7) | 122.1 (119.8–124.4) | 279.5 (273.4–285.6) | 155.0 (151.6–158.3) | 179.7 (173.8–185.5) | 88.1 (85.2–91.1) |
Female | 205.0 (201.0–209.1) | 128.6 (126.0–131.2) | 249.3 (243.5–255.0) | 162.7 (158.9–166.5) | 158.2 (152.8–163.7) | 92.5 (89.1–95.9) |
p-values for difference ‡ | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Age | ||||||
60–64 | 226.2 (221.3–231.1) | 121.3 (118.7–124.0) | 275.9 (268.8–283.1) | 156.5 (152.5–160.5) | 174.6 (168.4–180.8) | 84.8 (81.7–88.0) |
65–69 | 220.5 (214.7–226.3) | 122.8 (119.6–126.1) | 267.2 (259.0–275.3) | 156.7 (151.9–161.4) | 173.5 (165.6–181.5) | 88.8 (84.7–92.9) |
70–74 | 210.5 (203.7–217.2) | 122.3 (118.4–126.2) | 253.0 (244.1–261.8) | 152.6 (147.4–157.9) | 165.6 (155.8–175.5) | 90.3 (84.9–95.7) |
75–79 | 207.0 (198.3–215.6) | 129.8 (124.3–135.4) | 253.7 (241.7–265.7) | 165.2 (157.2–173.2) | 156.7 (144.9–168.4) | 91.7 (84.9–98.6) |
≥80 | 209.8 (199.2–220.5) | 141.5 (134.4–148.6) | 254.2 (239.1–269.4) | 172.5 (162.6–180.8) | 161.5 (147.4–175.5) | 107.8 (98.3–117.2) |
p-values for linear trend † | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
BMI | ||||||
<18.5 | 188.3 (169.0–207.5) | 106.9 (96.5–117.3) | 243.1 (210.0–276.2) | 150.7 (130.7–170.8) | 165.6 (142.5–188.7) | 88.2 (77.1–100.4) |
18.5–24 | 211.4 (199.8–223.1) | 119.7 (113.1–126.2) | 264.1 (245.7–282.6) | 157.7 (146.9–168.5) | 168.1 (153.7–182.5) | 88.4 (80.7–96.1) |
≥24 | 227.3 (215.3–239.2) | 130.7 (124.0–137.5) | 265.3 (249.5–281.1) | 157.9 (148.4–166.5) | 168.8 (152.8–184.7) | 89.6 (81.1–98.0) |
p-values for linear trend † | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
0 mg | 0–300 mg | ≥300 mg | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Total | 1068 | 6.8 (6.6–7.0) | 10,978 | 66.6 (66.2–67.0) | 4548 | 26.6 (26.2–26.9) |
Region | ||||||
Urban | 233 | 2.6 (2.5–2.7) | 5621 | 62.0 (61.6–62.4) | 3241 | 35.5 (35.2–35.8) |
Rural | 835 | 11.2 (11.0–11.4) | 5357 | 71.5 (71.1–71.9) | 1307 | 17.3 (17.1–17.5) |
p-values for difference † | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 518 | 6.7 (6.6–6.8) | 5186 | 64.1 (63.7–64.5) | 2431 | 29.2 (28.9–29.5) |
Female | 550 | 6.9 (6.7–7.1) | 5792 | 69.0 (68.6–69.4) | 2117 | 24.1 (23.8–24.4) |
p-values for difference † | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Age | ||||||
60–64 | 356 | 6.0 (5.9–6.1) | 3935 | 65.8 (65.5–66.1) | 1679 | 28.1 (27.9–28.3) |
65–69 | 283 | 6.9 (6.8–7.0) | 2837 | 65.9 (65.6–66.2) | 1207 | 27.2 (27.0–27.4) |
70–74 | 214 | 7.3 (7.2–7.4) | 2147 | 67.5 (67.2–67.8) | 856 | 25.2 (25.0–25.4) |
75–79 | 139 | 7.9 (7.8–8.0) | 1263 | 67.1 (66.9–67.3) | 498 | 25.0 (24.9–25.4) |
≥80 | 76 | 6.7 (6.8–6.9) | 796 | 68.2 (67.9–68.5) | 308 | 25.2 (25.0–25.4) |
p-values for trend ‡ | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Q1 (n = 4145) | Q2 (n = 4152) | Q3 (n = 4149) | Q4 (n = 4148) | p-Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TC, mmol/L | 4.7 (4.4–4.8) | 4.8 (4.8–4.9) a | 4.9 (4.9–4.9) a,b | 4.9 (4.9–5.0) a,b,c | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.9 (2.9–2.9) | 3.0 (2.9–3.0) a | 3.1 (3.0–3.1) a,b | 3.1 (3.1–3.1) a,b,c | <0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | 0.633 |
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Pang, S.-J.; Jia, S.-S.; Man, Q.-Q.; Song, S.; Li, Y.-Q.; Song, P.-K.; Zhao, W.-H.; Zhang, J. Dietary Cholesterol in the Elderly Chinese Population: An Analysis of CNHS 2010–2012. Nutrients 2017, 9, 934. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090934
Pang S-J, Jia S-S, Man Q-Q, Song S, Li Y-Q, Song P-K, Zhao W-H, Zhang J. Dietary Cholesterol in the Elderly Chinese Population: An Analysis of CNHS 2010–2012. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):934. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090934
Chicago/Turabian StylePang, Shao-Jie, Shan-Shan Jia, Qing-Qing Man, Shuang Song, Yu-Qian Li, Peng-Kun Song, Wen-Hua Zhao, and Jian Zhang. 2017. "Dietary Cholesterol in the Elderly Chinese Population: An Analysis of CNHS 2010–2012" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 934. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090934