Methionine and Choline Supply during the Periparturient Period Alter Plasma Amino Acid and One-Carbon Metabolism Profiles to Various Extents: Potential Role in Hepatic Metabolism and Antioxidant Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Treatments
2.2. Animal Management
2.3. Blood Sample Collection and Analyses of Plasma AA and Their Derivatives
2.4. Liver Sample Collection and Quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Essential AA
3.2. Non-Essential AA
3.3. Sulfur-Containing Compounds
3.4. Non-Proteinogenic AA and Derivatives
3.5. Pyruvate Carboxylase and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase 1 Expression
4. Discussion
4.1. Enhancing the Supply of MET Improved Plasma AA Profiles
4.2. Utilization of Circulating AA Close to Parturition
4.3. Sulfur-Containing Compound Pool and Metabolism
4.4. AA Derivatives
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MET | CHOL | Day | p-Value 2 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AA (µM) | Without | With | Without | With | SEM 1 | −10 | 4 | 14 | 28 | MET 3 | CHOL 4 | Time | M × T 5 | C × T 6 |
Essential AA | ||||||||||||||
Arginine | 54.75 | 60.43 | 57.99 | 57.05 | 1.75 | 58.58 ab | 48.47 c | 63.29 a | 60.92 ab | 0.02 | 0.69 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.96 |
Histidine | 52.38 | 54.55 | 54.04 | 52.87 | 1.18 | 57.28 a | 53.53 b | 52.30 b | 50.92 b | 0.19 | 0.49 | <0.01 | 0.13 | 0.17 |
Isoleucine | 95.58 | 103.61 | 100.64 | 98.40 | 4.42 | 98.18 | 95.54 | 106.87 | 97.83 | 0.19 | 0.72 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.36 |
Leucine | 153.31 | 161.79 | 152.70 | 162.43 | 6.69 | 151.35 b | 153.51 b | 173.18 a | 152.92 b | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.31 |
Lysine | 60.99 | 68.74 | 63.47 | 66.06 | 2.45 | 66.75 ab | 57.56 c | 70.47 a | 64.91 b | 0.02 | 0.47 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.85 |
Methionine | 18.65 | 28.95 | 24.04 | 23.55 | 0.83 | 22.75 c | 25.25 a | 24.92 ab | 22.27 c | <0.01 | 0.68 | <0.01 | 0.14 | 0.17 |
Phenylalanine | 46.64 | 47.09 | 45.88 | 47.86 | 1.02 | 45.00 b | 47.64 b | 51.16 a | 43.97 b | 0.75 | 0.17 | <0.01 | 0.26 | 0.92 |
Threonine | 72.55 | 78.67 | 75.93 | 75.30 | 2.50 | 71.87 | 72.22 | 78.70 | 79.66 | 0.09 | 0.86 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.52 |
Tryptophan | 22.26 | 25.04 | 22.68 | 24.61 | 0.64 | 24.56 ab | 19.44 c | 25.08 a | 25.50 a | <0.01 | 0.04 | <0.01 | 0.42 | 0.63 |
Valine | 226.77 | 244.54 | 229.16 | 241.99 | 9.32 | 230.11 | 223.02 | 249.41 | 240.25 | 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.31 |
BCAA 7 | 476.69 | 510.97 | 483.71 | 503.55 | 19.87 | 480.67 | 473.17 | 530.28 | 491.93 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.27 |
EAA | 827.12 | 896.20 | 849.22 | 874.1 | 25.54 | 848.26 bc | 816.78 bc | 921.2 a | 860.39 ab | 0.06 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.32 |
Met%EAA | 2.26 | 3.18 | 2.73 | 2.64 | 0.09 | 2.59 b | 3.04 a | 2.62 b | 2.52 b | <0.01 | 0.41 | <0.01 | 0.11 | 0.23 |
Non-essential AA | ||||||||||||||
Alanine | 187.39 | 206.37 | 198.37 | 195.39 | 5.55 | 188.83 b | 175.45 c | 211.30 a | 211.95 a | 0.02 | 0.71 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.32 |
Asparagine | 34.90 | 39.63 | 37.78 | 36.61 | 1.48 | 27.82 c | 34.08 b | 45.67 a | 44.19 a | 0.02 | 0.56 | <0.01 | 0.22 | 0.42 |
Aspartate | 4.21 | 4.79 | 4.24 | 4.76 | 0.21 | 4.91 a | 3.78 b | 4.80 a | 4.57 a | 0.04 | 0.07 | <0.01 | 0.59 | 0.14 |
Glutamate | 35.93 | 38.34 | 36.44 | 37.81 | 1.04 | 44.24 a | 32.17 d | 37.84 b | 35.24 c | 0.10 | 0.36 | <0.01 | 0.54 | 0.38 |
Glutamine | 246.22 | 259.53 | 257.92 | 247.82 | 6.18 | 278.17 a | 252.84 b | 242.52 b | 237.96 b | 0.15 | 0.25 | <0.01 | 0.21 | 0.29 |
Glycine * | 426.83 | 406.23 | 427.39 | 405.67 | 15.10 | 236.99 c | 456.97 b | 536.19 a | 435.98 b | 0.35 | 0.31 | <0.01 | 0.92 | 0.22 |
Proline | 72.30 | 78.24 | 74.03 | 76.50 | 2.02 | 59.19 c | 67.52 b | 90.21 a | 84.15 a | 0.04 | 0.39 | <0.01 | 0.35 | 0.74 |
Serine | 86.62 | 88.92 | 88.67 | 86.87 | 2.28 | 73.88 c | 90.85 b | 100.78 a | 85.57 b | 0.48 | 0.58 | <0.01 | 0.16 | 0.49 |
Tyrosine | 40.82 | 43.39 | 40.78 | 43.43 | 1.53 | 42.03 a | 36.26 b | 46.32 a | 43.80 a | 0.24 | 0.24 | <0.01 | 0.08 | 0.94 |
NEAA 8 | 1114.59 | 1151.58 | 1153.58 | 1112.59 | 24.79 | 946.13 c | 1136.83 b | 1301.27 a | 1177.00 b | 0.29 | 0.24 | <0.01 | 0.36 | 0.23 |
TAA 9 | 1926.95 | 2052.97 | 1995.87 | 1982.22 | 41.32 | 1781.41 d | 1947.89 bc | 2215.47 a | 2035.97 b | 0.03 | 0.82 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 0.53 |
Met%TAA | 0.94 | 1.37 | 1.15 | 1.13 | 0.04 | 1.20 a | 1.25 a | 1.06 b | 1.05 b | <0.01 | 0.64 | <0.01 | 0.14 | 0.23 |
Lys%TAA | 3.22 | 3.47 | 3.26 | 3.42 | 0.10 | 3.84 a | 3.02 c | 3.23 bc | 3.29 b | 0.08 | 0.28 | <0.01 | 0.13 | 0.85 |
MET | CHOL | Day | p-Value 2 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter (µM) | Without | With | Without | With | SEM 1 | −10 | 4 | 14 | 28 | MET 3 | CHOL 4 | Time | M × T 5 | C × T 6 |
AA and derivatives # | ||||||||||||||
1-methyl histidine | 15.36 | 16.56 | 16.79 | 15.15 | 0.57 | 12.82 c | 12.58 c | 18.38 b | 21.85 a | 0.12 | 0.04 | <0.01 | 0.36 | 0.50 |
3-methyl histidine | 6.44 | 6.48 | 6.97 | 5.99 | 0.29 | 5.21 c | 11.00 a | 6.91 b | 4.40 d | 0.92 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.12 | 0.75 |
α-aminoadipic acid | 7.37 | 8.15 | 8.03 | 7.48 | 0.36 | 6.09 d | 6.99 c | 8.65 b | 9.81 a | 0.12 | 0.27 | <0.01 | 0.91 | 0.30 |
α-aminobutyric acid | 15.64 | 19.78 | 18.13 | 17.07 | 0.81 | 8.94 c | 23.60 a | 22.77 a | 19.93 b | <0.01 | 0.32 | <0.01 | 0.61 | 0.44 |
β-alanine | 9.06 | 8.87 | 8.81 | 9.11 | 0.32 | 8.97 | 8.69 | 9.24 | 8.94 | 0.68 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.96 | 0.92 |
γ-aminobutyric acid | 2.42 | 3.49 | 2.46 | 3.45 | 0.29 | 1.88 b | 3.08 a | 3.44 a | 3.41 a | 0.01 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.27 | 0.75 |
Carnosine * | 15.88 | 19.92 | 16.60 | 19.07 | 1.29 | 16.74 c | 14.20 d | 18.71 b | 22.51 a | 0.02 | 0.14 | <0.01 | 0.30 | 0.02 |
Citrulline | 71.19 | 83.47 | 79.08 | 75.14 | 2.92 | 69.61 c | 63.69 c | 82.86 b | 96.11 a | <0.01 | 0.30 | <0.01 | 0.99 | 0.60 |
Glutathione | 4.68 | 4.73 | 4.84 | 4.57 | 0.27 | 4.60 b | 6.11 a | 4.35 bc | 3.76 c | 0.89 | 0.50 | <0.01 | 0.50 | 0.74 |
Hydroxylysine | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.37 | 0.79 | 0.21 | 0.61 | 0.70 |
Hydroxyproline | 15.19 | 15.36 | 15.42 | 15.13 | 0.48 | 12.80 c | 18.10 a | 16.31 b | 13.89 c | 0.81 | 0.67 | <0.01 | 0.94 | 0.12 |
Ornithine | 29.14 | 32.00 | 30.48 | 30.60 | 1.35 | 39.37 a | 22.11 d | 30.04 c | 33.25 b | 0.13 | 0.95 | <0.01 | 0.12 | 0.45 |
Phosphoserine | 6.22 | 6.18 | 6.07 | 6.33 | 0.18 | 5.53 c | 5.91 bc | 6.72 ab | 6.74 a | 0.88 | 0.30 | <0.01 | 0.71 | 0.91 |
Sarcosine | 10.65 | 11.43 | 11.50 | 10.58 | 0.56 | 8.32 b | 11.31 a | 12.03 a | 12.50 a | 0.33 | 0.27 | <0.01 | 0.76 | 0.37 |
Urea | 4121.63 | 4442.94 | 4323.55 | 4235.16 | 123.89 | 4104.53 bc | 4317.26 b | 4036.81 c | 4687.49 a | 0.07 | 0.60 | <0.01 | 0.55 | 0.62 |
Sulfur-containing compounds | ||||||||||||||
Cystathionine | 1.60 | 2.12 | 1.84 | 1.89 | 0.07 | 2.30 | 1.51 | 1.71 | 1.92 | <0.01 | 0.61 | <0.01 | 0.08 | 0.36 |
Cystine | 7.56 | 9.58 | 7.65 | 9.48 | 34.5 | 11.20 a | 6.41 d | 7.73 c | 8.92 b | <0.01 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.17 |
Homocystine | 4.17 | 5.10 | 4.52 | 4.70 | 0.30 | 4.80 a | 3.99 b | 4.80 a | 4.92 a | 0.02 | 0.65 | 0.01 | 0.69 | 0.28 |
Taurine | 33.23 | 47.04 | 39.43 | 40.84 | 1.28 | 34.51 | 40.49 | 40.06 | 45.48 | <0.01 | 0.44 | <0.01 | 0.16 | 0.92 |
TSC 7 | 70.65 | 97.37 | 82.47 | 85.95 | 1.93 | 80.52 | 84.03 | 83.93 | 87.57 | <0.01 | 0.44 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.48 |
Met%TSC | 28.44 | 31.4 | 31.09 | 28.74 | 0.72 | 29.65 b | 32.35 ab | 31.15 b | 26.51 c | 0.01 | 0.03 | <0.01 | 0.74 | 0.24 |
MET | CHOL | Day | p-Value 2 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genes | Without | With | Without | With | SEM 1 | −10 | 7 | 20 | 30 | MET 3 | CHOL 4 | Time | M × T 5 | C × T 6 |
PC | 2.12 | 2.02 | 2.09 | 2.05 | 0.07 | 1.49 c | 2.88 a | 2.23 b | 1.93 d | 0.33 | 0.70 | <0.01 | 0.28 | 0.34 |
PCK1 | 2.27 | 2.43 | 2.39 | 2.31 | 0.10 | 1.57 c | 2.62 ab | 2.74 a | 2.69 ab | 0.27 | 0.55 | <0.01 | 0.48 | 0.46 |
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Zhou, Z.; Vailati-Riboni, M.; Luchini, D.N.; Loor, J.J. Methionine and Choline Supply during the Periparturient Period Alter Plasma Amino Acid and One-Carbon Metabolism Profiles to Various Extents: Potential Role in Hepatic Metabolism and Antioxidant Status. Nutrients 2017, 9, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9010010
Zhou Z, Vailati-Riboni M, Luchini DN, Loor JJ. Methionine and Choline Supply during the Periparturient Period Alter Plasma Amino Acid and One-Carbon Metabolism Profiles to Various Extents: Potential Role in Hepatic Metabolism and Antioxidant Status. Nutrients. 2017; 9(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Zheng, Mario Vailati-Riboni, Daniel N. Luchini, and Juan J. Loor. 2017. "Methionine and Choline Supply during the Periparturient Period Alter Plasma Amino Acid and One-Carbon Metabolism Profiles to Various Extents: Potential Role in Hepatic Metabolism and Antioxidant Status" Nutrients 9, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9010010