Sasa borealis Stem Extract Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis in High-Fat Diet-induced Obese Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Preparation of Sasa borealis Stem (SBS) Extracts
2.2. Measurement of Total Phenolic Content Using the Folin-Ciocalteu Assay
2.3. Measurement of Total Flavonoids
2.4. Measurement of Free Radical Scavenging Activity Using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Assay
2.5. Measurement of Hydroxyl (OH−) Radical Scavenging Activity
2.6. Measurement of ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity
2.7. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis of SBS Compounds
2.8. Animals and Diets
Ingredient (milligram) | HFD | HFD + SBS (mg/kg/day) |
---|---|---|
Casein | 200 | 200 |
l-Cystine | 3 | 3 |
Maltodextrin 10 | 125 | 125 |
Sucrose | 68.8 | 68.8 |
Cellulose | 50 | 50 |
Soybean Oil | 25 | 25 |
Lard | 245 | 245 |
Mineral Mix S10026 | 10 | 10 |
DiCalcium Phosphate | 13 | 13 |
Calcium Carbonate | 5.5 | 5.5 |
Potassuium Citrate | 16.5 | 16.5 |
Vitamin Mix V10001 | 10 | 10 |
Choline Bitartrate | 2 | 2 |
Protein (milligram%) | 26.2 | 26.2 |
Carbohydrate (milligram%) | 26.3 | 26.3 |
Fat (milligram%) | 34.9 | 34.9 |
SBS extracts | - | 150 |
2.9. Biochemical Analysis
2.10. Histopathological Examinations
2.11. Gene Expression Analysis
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Total Phenol Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of SBS Extracts
TPC (mg Gallic acid/g extract) | TFC (mg Quercetin/g extract) | IC50 (µg/mL) | ABTS assay TEAC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH scavenging assay | HRSA scavenging assay | ||||
SBS | 430.0 ± 40.2 | 127.5 ± 12.0 | 43.7 ± 2.3 | 450.5 ± 28.5 | 0.6 ± 0.05 |
3.2. Antioxidant Activity of SBS Extracts
Standards | RT 1 | λ 2 | Calibration curve | LOQ 3 | Compounds |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenolic acids | |||||
Phloroglucinol | 7.27 | 280 | Y = 397.949X + 0.655 | 50.00 | 0.60 ± 0.00 |
4-Hydroxy benzhydrazide derivative | 7.57 | 280 | Y = 8119.555X − 59.083 | 50.00 | 0.26 ± 0.00 |
Gallic acid | 8.74 | 280 | Y = 18,200.182X − 28.003 | 50.00 | 0.53 ± 0.00 |
Vanillic acid | 21.91 | 280 | Y = 11,026.185X + 14.026 | 50.00 | 1.44 ± 0.01 |
Caffeic acid | 22.21 | 280 | Y = 19,697.774X − 13.018 | 50.00 | 0.74 ± 0.00 |
Syringic acid | 24.10 | 280 | Y = 17,500.224X − 1.523 | 5.00 | 1.41 ± 0.01 |
Chlorogenic acid | 24.92 | 280 | Y = 6240.064X − 10.524 | 50.00 | 1.61 ± 0.01 |
p-Coumaric acid | 32.87 | 280 | Y = 23,926.358X + 0.631 | 5.00 | 10.41 ± 0.05 |
trans-Ferulic acid | 34.48 | 280 | Y = 16,058.167X − 17.063 | 50.00 | 3.44 ± 0.02 |
Sinapic acid | 34.91 | 280 | Y = 7025.930X + 0.785 | 50.00 | 2.98 ± 0.01 |
2-Amino-3,4-dimethyl-benzoicacid | 35.30 | 280 | Y = 1209.000X + 0.000 | 50.00 | 6.95 ± 0.04 |
p-Anisic acid | 35.40 | 280 | Y = 9558.576X + 5.493 | 50.00 | - |
Protocatechuic acid ethyl ester | 36.89 | 280 | Y = 8796.340X − 2.765 | 50.00 | 13.05 ± 0.06 |
Coumarin | 38.27 | 280 | Y = 24,055.754X + 48.641 | 4.00 | 14.91 ± 0.04 |
DPBA 4 | 39.85 | 280 | Y = 2971.415X − 7.872 | 50.00 | - |
Alizarin | 43.86 | 280 | Y = 15,428.805X + 19.936 | 1.00 | - |
Total phenolic acids | 62.98 ± 0.08 | ||||
Flavonoids | |||||
Gallocatechin | 17.68 | 280 | Y = 1331.637X + 0.000 | 50.00 | 1.59 ± 0.00 |
Epigallocatechin | 18.58 | 280 | Y = 96.137X − 0.550 | 50.00 | 0.73 ± 0.00 |
Catechin hydrate | 23.66 | 280 | Y = 3982.083X − 6.943 | 5.00 | 2.65 ± 0.01 |
Epicatechin | 28.00 | 280 | Y = 7641.670X − 14.487 | 50.00 | 2.47 ± 0.00 |
Epigallocatechin gallate | 29.53 | 280 | Y = 6425.894X − 6.592 | 50.00 | 0.98 ± 0.00 |
Rutin hydrate | 32.93 | 370 | Y = 4763.242X − 4.752 | 50.00 | 0.29 ± 0.01 |
Catechin gallate | 33.77 | 280 | Y = 1462.905X − 1.970 | 50.00 | - |
Naringin | 34.14 | 280 | Y = 8230.457X − 42.997 | 50.00 | 2.60 ± 0.02 |
Quercetin hydrate | 37.53 | 370 | Y = 7476.858X − 6.972 | 50.00 | 2.48 ± 0.02 |
Myricetin | 37.41 | 370 | Y = 9908.955X − 0.383 | 5.00 | 0.43 ± 0.00 |
Morin hydrate | 38.48 | 320 | Y = 4100.693X − 4.129 | 50.00 | - |
Quercetin dehydrate | 40.19 | 370 | Y = 5623.574X − 0.729 | 50.00 | 1.93 ± 0.00 |
Luteolin | 40.28 | 370 | Y = 12,303.249X − 8.820 | 50.00 | 6.32 ± 0.03 |
Kaempferol | 42.89 | 370 | Y = 12,894.258X + 38.962 | 20.00 | 0.95 ± 0.03 |
3-Hydroxyflavone | 45.75 | 320 | Y = 4687.303X + 0.191 | 50.00 | - |
Total flavonoids | 23.42 ± 0.09 |
3.3. Effect of SBS on Body Weight and Liver Weight in HFD-Fed Rats
ND | HFD | HFD + SBS | |
---|---|---|---|
Food intake (g/day) | 12.03 ± 1.1 | 11.04 ± 1.6 | 11.44 ± 1.5 |
Body weight | |||
Initial weight (g) | 136.2 ± 4.3 | 135.5 ± 2.7 | 134.2 ± 3.7 |
Final weight (g) | 338.7 ± 16.8 | 447.3 ± 20.5 * | 388.5 ± 15.5 # |
Weight gain (g/5 weeks) | 202.5 ± 9.3 | 311.8 ± 16.3 * | 254.3 ± 10.7 # |
Liver weight (g/5 weeks) | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.3 * | 3.2 ± 0.3 # |
3.4. Effect of SBS on Serum Total Cholesterols and Triglyceride Levels
3.5. Effects of SBS on Hepatic Total Cholesterols Levels and Triglyceride Levels
3.6. Effects of SBS on Hapatic Steatosis
3.7. Effects of SBS on Hepatic mRNA Levels of Lipid-Related Gene Expression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Song, Y.; Lee, S.-J.; Jang, S.-H.; Ha, J.H.; Song, Y.M.; Ko, Y.-G.; Kim, H.-D.; Min, W.; Kang, S.N.; Cho, J.-H. Sasa borealis Stem Extract Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis in High-Fat Diet-induced Obese Rats. Nutrients 2014, 6, 2179-2195. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062179
Song Y, Lee S-J, Jang S-H, Ha JH, Song YM, Ko Y-G, Kim H-D, Min W, Kang SN, Cho J-H. Sasa borealis Stem Extract Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis in High-Fat Diet-induced Obese Rats. Nutrients. 2014; 6(6):2179-2195. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062179
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Yuno, Soo-Jung Lee, Sun-Hee Jang, Ji Hee Ha, Young Min Song, Yeoung-Gyu Ko, Hong-Duck Kim, Wongi Min, Suk Nam Kang, and Jae-Hyeon Cho. 2014. "Sasa borealis Stem Extract Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis in High-Fat Diet-induced Obese Rats" Nutrients 6, no. 6: 2179-2195. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062179