The Prevalence of Antibodies against Wheat and Milk Proteins in Blood Donors and Their Contribution to Neuroimmune Reactivities
1
Immunosciences Lab., Inc., 822 S. Robertson Blvd., Ste. 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
2
Department of Clinical Sciences, Bastyr University California, 4106 Sorrento Valley Blvd, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
3
Department of Mathematics, Boise State University, 1910 University Dr., Boise, ID 83725, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2014, 6(1), 15-36; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6010015
Received: 16 October 2013
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Revised: 6 December 2013
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Accepted: 10 December 2013
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Published: 19 December 2013
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Neuroscience)
The aim of this study was to look for the presence of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies against two widely consumed foods, wheat and milk, in a relatively large number of specimens. As wheat, milk, and their antigens have been found to be involved in neuroimmune disorders, we measured the co-occurrence of their antibodies against various neural antigens. We assessed the reactivity of sera from 400 donors to wheat and milk proteins, GAD-65, cerebellar, MBP, and MOG. Statistical analysis showed significant clustering when certain wheat and milk protein antibodies were cross-referenced with neural antibodies. Approximately half of the sera with antibody elevation against gliadin reacted significantly with GAD-65 and cerebellar peptides; about half of the sera with elevated antibodies against α + β-casein and milk butyrophilin also showed antibody elevation against MBP and MOG. Inhibition studies showed that only two out of four of the samples with elevated cerebellar or MOG antibodies could be inhibited by gliadin or α + β-casein, confirming individual variation in epitope recognition. We conclude that a subgroup of blood donors, due to a breakdown in immunological tolerance, may react and produce significant levels of antibodies (p-values less than 0.05) against wheat and milk antigens that cross-react with different neural antigens, which may have broader implications in the induction of neuroimmune reactivities.
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Keywords:
antibodies; wheat proteins; milk proteins; neuroimmune
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MDPI and ACS Style
Vojdani, A.; Kharrazian, D.; Mukherjee, P.S. The Prevalence of Antibodies against Wheat and Milk Proteins in Blood Donors and Their Contribution to Neuroimmune Reactivities. Nutrients 2014, 6, 15-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6010015
AMA Style
Vojdani A, Kharrazian D, Mukherjee PS. The Prevalence of Antibodies against Wheat and Milk Proteins in Blood Donors and Their Contribution to Neuroimmune Reactivities. Nutrients. 2014; 6(1):15-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6010015
Chicago/Turabian StyleVojdani, Aristo, Datis Kharrazian, and Partha S. Mukherjee. 2014. "The Prevalence of Antibodies against Wheat and Milk Proteins in Blood Donors and Their Contribution to Neuroimmune Reactivities" Nutrients 6, no. 1: 15-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6010015
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