RETRACTED: Muhammad et al. Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients 2019, 11, 648

Muhammad, Tahir; Ikram, Muhammad; Ullah, Rahat; Rehman, Shafiq Ur; Kim, Myeong Ok

doi:10.3390/nu18030415

Open AccessRetraction

RETRACTED: Muhammad et al. Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients 2019, 11, 648

by

Tahir Muhammad

^†

,

Muhammad Ikram

^†

,

Rahat Ullah

^†,

Shafiq Ur Rehman

and

Myeong Ok Kim

^*

Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030415

Submission received: 18 November 2025 / Accepted: 19 November 2025 / Published: 27 January 2026

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The journal retracts the article “Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling” [1] cited above.

Following publication, concerns were brought to the attention of the Editorial Office regarding the integrity of a number of images presented in this publication [1].

Adhering to our standard procedure, an investigation was conducted by the Editorial Office and Editorial Board that identified indications of inappropriate editing and partial duplication between Figures 2A, 4B, and 7B presented in this article [1]. While the authors collaborated within this process, raw material meeting the journals requirements for original images (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/instructions#oriimages, accessed on 18 November 2025) could not be provided for Editorial Board evaluation. Consequently, the Editorial Board has lost confidence in the reliability of the findings and has decided to retract this publication, as per MDPI’s retraction policy (https://www.mdpi.com/ethics#_bookmark30, accessed on 18 November 2025).

This retraction was approved by the Editor-in-Chief of Nutrients.

The authors did not agree to this retraction.

Reference

Muhammad, T.; Ikram, M.; Ullah, R.; Rehman, S.U.; Kim, M.O. RETRACTED: Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients 2019, 11, 648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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MDPI and ACS Style

Muhammad, T.; Ikram, M.; Ullah, R.; Rehman, S.U.; Kim, M.O. RETRACTED: Muhammad et al. Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients 2019, 11, 648. Nutrients 2026, 18, 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030415

AMA Style

Muhammad T, Ikram M, Ullah R, Rehman SU, Kim MO. RETRACTED: Muhammad et al. Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients 2019, 11, 648. Nutrients. 2026; 18(3):415. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030415

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad, Tahir, Muhammad Ikram, Rahat Ullah, Shafiq Ur Rehman, and Myeong Ok Kim. 2026. "RETRACTED: Muhammad et al. Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients 2019, 11, 648" Nutrients 18, no. 3: 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030415

APA Style

Muhammad, T., Ikram, M., Ullah, R., Rehman, S. U., & Kim, M. O. (2026). RETRACTED: Muhammad et al. Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients 2019, 11, 648. Nutrients, 18(3), 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030415

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RETRACTED: Muhammad et al. Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients 2019, 11, 648

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