Dietary Advice to Support Glycaemic Control and Weight Management in Women with Type 1 Diabetes during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pre-Pregnancy Care
3. Glycaemic Control during Pregnancy
4. Continuous Glucose Monitoring
5. Gestational Weight Gain
6. Dietary Advice in Pregnancy
7. Recommendations on Carbohydrate Intake
8. Folic Acid
9. Breastfeeding in Women with Type 1 Diabetes
10. Dietary Advice during Breastfeeding
Ketoacidosis
11. Glycaemic Control during Breastfeeding
Hypoglycaemia during Breastfeeding
12. Weight Retention after Pregnancy
13. Conclusions
Key Points on Dietary Advice to Women with Type 1 Diabetes during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADA | American Diabetes Association |
CGM | Continuous glucose monitoring |
CONCEPTT | Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Pregnant Women with Type 1 Diabetes |
Kcal | Kilocalories |
MDI | multiple daily injections |
NAM | National Academy of Medicine |
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Pre-Pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Recommended Total Gestational Weight Gain in Healthy Pregnant Women According to National Academy of Medicine 2009 (kg) |
---|---|
≤18.5 Underweight | 12.5–18.0 |
18.5–24.9 Normal weight | 11.5–16.0 |
25.0–29.9 Overweight | 7.0–11.5 |
≥30.0 Obese | 5.0–9.0 |
Pre-Pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Recommended Total Gestational Weight Gain in Women with Diabetes According to the Copenhagen Guidelines (kg) |
---|---|
18.5–24.9 Normal weight | 10.0–15.0 |
25.0–29.9 Overweight | 5.0–8.0 |
≥30.0 Obese | 0–5.0 |
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Ringholm, L.; Nørgaard, S.K.; Rytter, A.; Damm, P.; Mathiesen, E.R. Dietary Advice to Support Glycaemic Control and Weight Management in Women with Type 1 Diabetes during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4867. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224867
Ringholm L, Nørgaard SK, Rytter A, Damm P, Mathiesen ER. Dietary Advice to Support Glycaemic Control and Weight Management in Women with Type 1 Diabetes during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Nutrients. 2022; 14(22):4867. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224867
Chicago/Turabian StyleRingholm, Lene, Sidse Kjærhus Nørgaard, Ane Rytter, Peter Damm, and Elisabeth Reinhardt Mathiesen. 2022. "Dietary Advice to Support Glycaemic Control and Weight Management in Women with Type 1 Diabetes during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding" Nutrients 14, no. 22: 4867. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224867