Altered Gut Microbiota and Its Clinical Relevance in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: Shanghai Aging Study and Shanghai Memory Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Demographics and Assessment of Covariables
2.3. Neuropsychological Assessment
2.4. Sample Collection and DNA Extraction
2.5. PCR Amplification and Illumina MiSeq Sequencing
2.6. Processing of Sequencing Data
2.7. Alpha and Beta Diversity Analyses
2.8. LEfSe Analysis
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. The Overall Structure of Gut Microbiota among NC, MCI, and AD
3.3. Alpha and Beta Diversity in NC, MCI, and AD
3.4. Differences in Specific Microbiota of NC, MCI, and AD
3.5. Association between Gut Microbiota and Clinical Characteristics
3.6. Abundance Analysis of Five Specific Taxa
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total (n = 302) | Clinical Diagnosis | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC (n = 94) | MCI (n = 125) | AD (n = 83) | |||
Gender, female, n (%) | 187(61.9) | 58(61.7) | 76(60.8) | 53(63.9) | 0.905 |
Age, yr, mean (SD) | 74.1(8.7) | 74.3(10.6) | 75.4(7.1) | 71.8 (8.3) &* | 0.004 |
Education, yr, mean (SD) | 11.3(3.9) | 12.4(3.8) | 11.3(3.6) # | 9.9(4.1) & | <0.001 |
APOE 4 positive, n (%) | 93(32.7) | 8(8.9) | 33(29.5) # | 52(63.4) &* | <0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 142(47.2) | 55(58.5) | 54(43.2) | 33(40.2) & | 0.027 |
SBP, mmHg, median [Q1, Q3] | 140.0 [127.8, 152.0] | 142.0 [129.0, 153.0] | 139.5 [127.0, 152.0] | 138.0 [125.0, 152.5] | 0.307 |
DBP, mmHg, median [Q1, Q3] | 76.0 [70.0, 83.0] | 78.0 [70.0, 84.0] | 75.5 [69.0, 83.0] | 75.0 [70.5, 81.5] | 0.782 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 43(14.3) | 13(13.8) | 20(16.0) | 10(12.2) | 0.738 |
Stroke, n (%) | 48(15.9) | 11(11.7) | 25(20.0) | 12(14.6) | 0.234 |
Alcohol intake, n (%) | 39(13.0) | 11(11.7) | 18(14.5) | 10(12.2) | 0.803 |
MMSE score, median [Q1, Q3] | 27.0 [23.0, 29.0] | 29.0 [28.0, 30.0] | 27.0 [26.0, 29.0] # | 19.0 [14.0, 22.0] &* | <0.001 |
MoCA score, median [Q1, Q3] | 20.0 [15.0, 24.0] | 25.0 [23.0, 27.0] | 22.0 [19.0, 24.0] # | 12.0 [7.5, 17.0] &* | <0.001 |
ADL score, median [Q1, Q3] | 20.0 [20.0, 22.0] | 20.0 [20.0, 21.0] | 20.0 [20.0, 21.0] | 22.0 [20.0, 31.0] &* | <0.001 |
CDR score, median [Q1, Q3] | 0.5 [0, 1] | 0 [0, 0] | 0.5 [0.5, 0.5] # | 2 [1, 2] &* | <0.001 |
Z_memory, median [Q1, Q3] | −0.02 [−0.97, 0.79] | 0.92 [0.57, 1.5] | −0.22 [−0.81, 0.28] # | −1.31 [−1.31, −0.97] &* | <0.001 |
Z_attention, median [Q1, Q3] | 0.02 [−0.63, 0.69] | 0.5 [−0.04, 1.03] | 0.03 [−0.45, 0.65] # | −1.02 [−1.62, −0.35] &* | <0.001 |
Z_visuospatial, median [Q1, Q3] | 0.29 [−0.17, 0.61] | 0.57 [0.25, 0.72] | 0.22 [−0.17, 0.48] # | −0.42 [−1.75, 0.09] &* | <0.001 |
Z_executive, median [Q1, Q3] | 0.25 [−0.08, 0.46] | 0.43 [0.26, 0.56] | 0.22 [−0.08, 0.43] # | −0.15 [−0.52, 0.05] &* | <0.001 |
Z_language, median [Q1, Q3] | 0.15 [−0.33, 0.63] | 0.63 [0.29, 0.91] | 0.09 [−0.29, 0.47] # | −0.54 [−1.1, −0.17] &* | <0.001 |
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Zhu, Z.; Ma, X.; Wu, J.; Xiao, Z.; Wu, W.; Ding, S.; Zheng, L.; Liang, X.; Luo, J.; Ding, D.; et al. Altered Gut Microbiota and Its Clinical Relevance in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: Shanghai Aging Study and Shanghai Memory Study. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3959. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193959
Zhu Z, Ma X, Wu J, Xiao Z, Wu W, Ding S, Zheng L, Liang X, Luo J, Ding D, et al. Altered Gut Microbiota and Its Clinical Relevance in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: Shanghai Aging Study and Shanghai Memory Study. Nutrients. 2022; 14(19):3959. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193959
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Zheng, Xiaoxi Ma, Jie Wu, Zhenxu Xiao, Wanqing Wu, Saineng Ding, Li Zheng, Xiaoniu Liang, Jianfeng Luo, Ding Ding, and et al. 2022. "Altered Gut Microbiota and Its Clinical Relevance in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: Shanghai Aging Study and Shanghai Memory Study" Nutrients 14, no. 19: 3959. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193959