Is There Association between Altered Adrenergic System Activity and Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by a 7-Day High Salt Intake in Young Healthy Individuals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Study Protocol
2.3. Hemodynamic and Anthropometric Measurement
2.4. 24-h Urine Samples Analysis
2.5. Venous Blood Samples Analysis
2.6. Functional Assessment of Skin Microvascular Endothelial Function
2.7. Measurement of 5-min Heart Rate Variability
2.8. Mental Stress Test
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Stage 1 Study Results—The Effects of 7-Day High-Salt (HS) Loading on Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity and Microvascular Endothelial Function
3.2. Stage 2 Study Results—The Effects of Increased Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Activity (by Mental Stress Test; MST) during 7-Day High-Salt (HS) Loading on Microvascular Endothelial Function
4. Discussion
4.1. High-Salt Diet and Autonomic Nervous System Activity
4.2. High-Salt Diet, Autonomic Nervous System and Microvascular Endothelial (Dys)function
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | LS | HS |
---|---|---|
N (W/M) | 47 (19/28) | |
Age (years) | 21 ± 2 | |
Anthropometric Parameters | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 3.1 | 24.2 ± 3.2 |
WHR | 0.82 ± 0.06 | 0.82 ± 0.05 |
Hemodynamic Parameters | ||
SBP (mmHg) | 116 ± 12 | 117 ± 14 |
DBP (mmHg) | 73 ± 9 | 72 ± 8 |
MAP (mmHg) | 87 ± 8 | 87 ± 8 |
HR (beats per minute) | 82 ± 15 | 79 ± 13 |
Serum Biochemical Parameters | ||
urea (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 1.3 | 4.7 ± 1.0 |
creatinine (µmol/L) | 82 ± 14 | 77 ± 14 |
sodium (mmol/L) | 138.4 ± 2.1 | 140.2 ± 2.5 * |
potassium (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.3 * |
calcium (mmol/L) | 2.47 ± 0.07 | 2.42 ± 0.09 * |
iron (μmol/L) | 20.2 ± 7.5 | 19.2 ± 6.4 |
transferrin (g/L) | 2.71 ± 0.32 | 2.59 ± 0.31 * |
glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.7 |
hsCRP (mg/L) | 1.2 ± 2.4 | 0.9 ± 1.0 |
24-h Urine Biochemical Parameters | ||
24h urine volume (mL) | 1618 ± 654 | 1642 ± 657 |
24h creatinine coefficient (µmol/24 h/kg) | 180.5 ± 66.3 | 177.0 ± 47.0 |
24 h urine urea (mmol/dU) | 318.5 ± 196.2 | 293.0 ± 90.1 |
24 h urine protein (mg/dU) | 98.9 ± 53.1 | 100.6 ± 42.6 |
24 h urine albumin (mg/dU) | 10.4 ± 17.5 | 7.0 ±4.9 |
24 h sodium (mmol/dU) | 109.1 ± 51.6 | 247.6 ± 107.0 * |
24 h potassium (mmol/dU) | 46.0 ± 18.5 | 51.9 ± 19.9 |
calculated salt intake (g/day) | 6.4 ± 3.0 | 14.5 ± 6.3 * |
LS | HS | |
---|---|---|
N (W/M) | 23 (7/16) | |
Dopamine, µmol/dU | 1.47 ± 0.050 | 1.40 ± 0.70 |
Noradrenaline, µmol/dU | 0.71 ± 2.46 | 0.18 ± 0.08 * |
Adrenaline, µmol/dU | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.02 |
Homovanillic acid, µmol/dU | 23.25 ± 7.95 | 21.08 ± 8.17 |
Normetanephrine, µmol/dU | 1.05 ± 0.34 | 0.93 ± 0.34 * |
Metanephrine, µmol/dU | 0.54 ± 0.16 | 0.45 ± 0.17 * |
Vanillylmandelic acid, µmol/dU | 16.98 ± 5.80 | 15.68 ± 6.50 |
Parameter | LS | HS |
---|---|---|
N (W/M) | 23 (7/16) | |
Time Domain Analysis | ||
Mean HR (bpm) | 68 ± 10 | 69 ± 9 |
Mean RR (ms) | 902 ± 119 | 875 ± 103 |
SDNN (ms) | 92 ± 32 | 79 ± 38 |
RMS-SD (ms) | 82 ± 35 | 73 ± 43 |
pNN50 (%) | 38 ± 18 | 35 ± 20 |
Frequency Domain Analysis | ||
TP (ms2/Hz) | 2755 ± 1995 | 1848 ± 1580 |
VLF (ms2/Hz) | 843 ± 557 | 774 ± 669 |
LF (ms2/HZ) | 1205 ± 1051 | 687 ± 666 * |
HF (ms2/Hz) | 708 ± 683 | 598 ± 677 |
LF/HF | 2.19 ± 1.40 | 1.77 ± 0.92 |
Parameter | LS | LS+MST | LS | HS+MST |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (W/M) | 24 (12/12) | |||
Time Domain Analysis | ||||
Mean HR (bpm) | 73 ± 12 | 72 ± 10 | 75 ± 9 | 71 ± 10 |
Mean RR (ms) | 844 ± 144 | 844 ± 119 | 813 ± 98 | 854 ± 114 |
SDNN (ms) | 84 ± 43 | 79 ± 35 | 84 ± 43 | 93 ± 50 |
RMS-SD (ms) | 82 ± 58 | 71 ± 44 | 76 ± 60 | 89 ± 68 |
pNN50 (%) | 35 ± 24 | 34 ± 21 | 32 ± 25 | 37 ± 25 |
Frequency Domain Analysis | ||||
TP (ms2/Hz) | 2905 ± 3593 | 2111 ± 1954 | 2399 ± 2504 | 3314 ± 3842 |
VLF (ms2/Hz) | 803 ± 726 | 716 ± 537 | 768 ± 715 | 908 ± 753 |
LF (ms2/HZ) | 1086 ± 1331 | 888 ± 1121 | 813 ± 922 | 1344 ± 1801 |
HF (ms2/Hz) | 1016 ± 1659 | 507 ± 400 | 818 ± 1172 | 1062 ± 1586 |
LF/HF | 1.84 ± 1.38 | 2.72 ± 3.20 | 1.74 ± 1.02 | 1.88 ± 1.27 |
Parameter | LS | LS+MST | HS | HS+MST |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (W/M) | 24 (12/12) | |||
% of total power within frequency band | ||||
Cardiac (0.6–2.0 Hz) | 6.39 ± 5.51 | 11.75 ± 11.46 | 5.58 ± 5.07 | 9.19 ± 9.58 |
Respiratory (0.15–0.6 Hz) | 3.47 ± 3.28 | 6.84 ± 7.52 | 3.10 ± 3.25 | 5.86 ± 5.94 |
Myogenic (0.05–0.15 Hz) | 3.65 ± 2.71 | 4.95 ± 4.95 | 3.09 ± 2.28 | 4.25 ± 3.43 |
Sympathetic (0.02–0.05 Hz) | 14.40 ± 3.81 | 14.31 ± 4.60 | 14.59 ± 4.09 | 13.48 ± 4.40 |
Endothelial (0.008–0.02 Hz) | 72.49 ± 9.99 | 61.92 ± 18.78 | 73.63 ± 9.66 | 67.86 ± 13.80 |
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Stupin, A.; Drenjančević, I.; Šušnjara, P.; Debeljak, Ž.; Kolobarić, N.; Jukić, I.; Mihaljević, Z.; Martinović, G.; Selthofer-Relatić, K. Is There Association between Altered Adrenergic System Activity and Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by a 7-Day High Salt Intake in Young Healthy Individuals. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1731. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051731
Stupin A, Drenjančević I, Šušnjara P, Debeljak Ž, Kolobarić N, Jukić I, Mihaljević Z, Martinović G, Selthofer-Relatić K. Is There Association between Altered Adrenergic System Activity and Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by a 7-Day High Salt Intake in Young Healthy Individuals. Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1731. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051731
Chicago/Turabian StyleStupin, Ana, Ines Drenjančević, Petar Šušnjara, Željko Debeljak, Nikolina Kolobarić, Ivana Jukić, Zrinka Mihaljević, Goran Martinović, and Kristina Selthofer-Relatić. 2021. "Is There Association between Altered Adrenergic System Activity and Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by a 7-Day High Salt Intake in Young Healthy Individuals" Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1731. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051731
APA StyleStupin, A., Drenjančević, I., Šušnjara, P., Debeljak, Ž., Kolobarić, N., Jukić, I., Mihaljević, Z., Martinović, G., & Selthofer-Relatić, K. (2021). Is There Association between Altered Adrenergic System Activity and Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by a 7-Day High Salt Intake in Young Healthy Individuals. Nutrients, 13(5), 1731. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051731