Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Anaemia and Associated Risk Factors among Infants Aged 0–23 Months in China: China Nutrition and Health Surveillance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Hb and Anaemia Status
3.2.1. Hb Status
3.2.2. Prevalence of Anaemia in Infants
3.3. Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Anaemia in Infants Aged 0–23 Months
4. Discussion
4.1. Burden of Infantile Anaemia in China in 2013
4.2. Distribution Map of Infantile Anaemia in China in 2013
4.3. Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Anaemia in Chinese Infants Aged 0–23 Months
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | N | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
0–5 months old | 2959 | 30.84 |
6–11 months old | 3185 | 33.19 |
12–23 months old | 3452 | 35.97 |
Sex | ||
Male | 4921 | 51.28 |
Female | 4675 | 48.72 |
Ethnicity | ||
Han | 8260 | 86.08 |
Other | 1156 | 12.05 |
Unknown | 180 | 1.87 |
Premature birth | ||
Yes | 1048 | 10.92 |
No | 8548 | 89.08 |
LBW | ||
Yes | 328 | 3.42 |
No | 9268 | 96.58 |
Socioeconomic status | ||
BC | 1967 | 20.50 |
SMC | 2848 | 29.68 |
OC | 3019 | 31.46 |
PC | 1762 | 18.36 |
Regional division | ||
Eastern region | 2993 | 31.19 |
Central region | 3219 | 33.55 |
Western region | 3384 | 35.26 |
Family status | ||
Family income | ||
<RMB35,000 | 7676 | 79.99 |
≥RMB35,000 | 1051 | 10.95 |
No answer | 869 | 9.06 |
Toilet type | ||
Sanitary | 6065 | 63.20 |
Unsanitary | 3528 | 36.77 |
Unknown | 3 | 0.03 |
Maternal status | ||
Education level | ||
High school and below | 7507 | 78.24 |
College or above | 2088 | 21.76 |
Unknown | 1 | 0.00 |
Maternal age | ||
25 years old and under | 2893 | 30.15 |
Over 25 years old | 6703 | 69.85 |
Feeding status of 6–23-month-old infants | ||
Meet MDD | ||
Yes | 3376 | 50.87 |
No | 3261 | 49.13 |
Iron fortification | ||
Yes | 2975 | 44.82 |
No | 3662 | 55.18 |
Months | 0–5 | 6–11 | 12–23 | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |
All | 119.57 a | 0.83 | 117.18 a | 0.92 | 122.72 a | 0.81 | 120.67 | 0.79 |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 119.18 | 0.83 | 116.83 | 0.90 | 122.59 | 0.82 | 120.44 * | 0.77 |
Female | 120.04 | 0.90 | 117.59 | 0.99 | 122.89 | 0.84 | 120.96 * | 0.84 |
Residential area | ||||||||
Urban | 118.20 * | 0.71 | 116.81 | 0.87 | 122.51 | 0.88 | 120.23 * | 0.73 |
Rural | 120.49 * | 1.31 | 117.40 | 1.39 | 122.87 | 1.22 | 120.97 * | 1.22 |
Geographical region | ||||||||
Eastern | 118.90 * | 0.69 | 116.83 * | 0.82 | 123.02 | 0.86 | 120.62 * | 0.71 |
Central | 120.46 * | 1.99 | 118.43 * | 2.14 | 122.52 | 1.68 | 121.03 * | 1.75 |
Western | 119.28 * | 1.24 | 116.13 * | 1.23 | 122.63 | 1.49 | 120.36 * | 1.37 |
Months | 0–5 | 6–11 | 12–23 | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 95% CI | N (%) | 95% CI | N (%) | 95% CI | N (%) | 95% CI | |
All | 944 (25.30) | 23.87–26.74 | 1151 (30.64) | 29.13–32.15 | 16.97 | 15.83–18.12 | 2798 (22.15) | 21.36–22.94 |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 511 (26.87) | 24.82–28.92 | 640 (32.73) | 30.60–34.86 | 381 (17.28) | 15.70–18.87 | 1532 (23.14) | 22.04–24.25 |
Female | 433 (23.48) | 21.48–25.48 | 511 (28.15) | 26.03–30.27 | 322 (16.60) | 14.93–18.26 | 1266 (20.96) | 19.83–22.09 |
Residential area | ||||||||
Urban | 504 (26.05) | 24.09–28.01 | 536 (27.99) | 25.98–30.00 | 279 (14.17) | 12.62–15.71 | 1319 (20.02) | 18.95–21.09 |
Rural | 440 (24.80) | 22.80–26.82 | 615 (32.27) | 30.17–34.37 | 424 (18.92) | 17.30–20.55 | 1479 (23.57) | 22.47–24.68 |
Geographical location | ||||||||
Eastern | 290 (20.88) | 18.68–23.09 | 344 (25.17) | 22.80–27.54 | 162 (11.12) | 9.49–12.75 | 796 (16.67) | 15.50–17.84 |
Central | 289 (24.19) | 21.71–26.66 | 364 (28.95) | 26.39–31.50 | 249 (18.21) | 16.16–20.27 | 902 (22.25) | 20.88–23.63 |
Western | 365 (30.97) | 28.25–33.70 | 443 (37.96) | 35.11–40.80 | 292 (21.42) | 19.23–23.61 | 1100 (27.44) | 25.93–28.95 |
Influence Factor | Reference | 0–5 Months | 6–11 Months | 12–23 Months | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Sex | |||||||
Female | Male | 0.80 (0.68–0.95) | 0.01 | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) | 0.00 | NS | |
Premature | |||||||
Yes | No | 1.38 (1.06–1.81) | 0.02 | 1.30 (1.01–1.67) | 0.04 | NS | |
Low birth weight | |||||||
Yes | No | 1.99 (1.28–3.09) | 0.00 | NS | NS | ||
Breastfeeding | |||||||
Yes | No | 1.34 (1.04–1.72) | 0.02 | 2.18 (1.84–2.60) | <0.01 | 2.17 (1.75–2.69) | <0.01 |
Region | |||||||
Central | East | 1.20(0.96–1.50) | 0.10 | 1.21 (0.99–1.47) | 0.07 | 1.63 (1.25–2.13) | <0.01 |
West | East | 1.66 (1.35–2.04) | <0.01 | 1.95 (1.60–2.37) | <0.01 | 2.11 (1.62–2.76) | <0.01 |
Mother’s education level | |||||||
High | Low | 0.77 (0.63–0.95) | 0.01 | 0.58 (0.47–0.72) | <0.01 | 0.70 (0.51–0.95) | 0.02 |
Residence areas | |||||||
SMC | BC | NS | NS | 1.80 (1.30–2.50) | <0.01 | ||
OC | BC | 1.25 (0.89–1.76) | 0.20 | ||||
PC | BC | 1.31 (0.90–1.90) | 0.15 | ||||
MDD | |||||||
Yes | No | NA | NS | 0.60 (0.49–0.73) | <0.01 | ||
Mother’s age | |||||||
Older | Younger | NS | NS | 0.70 (0.57–0.85) | <0.01 |
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Li, S.; Bo, Y.; Ren, H.; Zhou, C.; Lao, X.; Zhao, L.; Yu, D. Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Anaemia and Associated Risk Factors among Infants Aged 0–23 Months in China: China Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041293
Li S, Bo Y, Ren H, Zhou C, Lao X, Zhao L, Yu D. Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Anaemia and Associated Risk Factors among Infants Aged 0–23 Months in China: China Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Nutrients. 2021; 13(4):1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041293
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Shujuan, Yacong Bo, Hongyan Ren, Chen Zhou, Xiangqian Lao, Liyun Zhao, and Dongmei Yu. 2021. "Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Anaemia and Associated Risk Factors among Infants Aged 0–23 Months in China: China Nutrition and Health Surveillance" Nutrients 13, no. 4: 1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041293
APA StyleLi, S., Bo, Y., Ren, H., Zhou, C., Lao, X., Zhao, L., & Yu, D. (2021). Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Anaemia and Associated Risk Factors among Infants Aged 0–23 Months in China: China Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Nutrients, 13(4), 1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041293