Foods to Avoid While Breastfeeding? Experiences and Opinions of Polish Mothers and Healthcare Providers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aim of the Study
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Data
4.2. Characteristics of the Study Group
4.3. Foods to Avoid While Breastfeeding
4.4. Elimination Diet According to Experience of Mothers and Medical Professionals
5. Discussion
Recommendations
- Foods containing preservatives, artificial additives, and trans fatty acids should be avoided [26].
- The consumption of products with a high sugar content, such as sweets or large amounts of fruit juice, is not recommended [26].
- Overeating or eating “for two” is not advised, it is enough to satisfy hunger [26].
- Adequate iodine intake (200 µg daily) ensures an adequate iodine content in breast milk (approximately 100–150 µg/100 mL) [30].
- As the amount of calcium secreted in breast milk is 150–300 mg per day and depends on mother’s bone mineralization and urinary calcium excretion, the recommended daily calcium intake in the mother’s diet is 1000 mg [18,31]. The main dietary sources of calcium include milk and dairy products, followed by cereals and vegetables [12,18,26].
- Vitamin D should be administered under the control of 25(OH)-D serum levels, with an optimal range of 30–50 ng/mL. If it is not possible to determine the concentration of 25(OH)-D, 2000 IU of vitamin D should be administered daily throughout lactation. High amounts of vitamin D are contained in cod liver oil and fatty fish, such as herring and salmon [18,33].
6. Limitations
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Horta, B.L.; Victora, C.G.; World Health Organization. Long-term effects of breastfeeding: A systematic review. Available online: http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/79198 (accessed on 10 January 2020).
- Horta, B.L.; Victora, C.G.; World Health Organization. Short-term effects of breastfeeding: A systematic review on the benefits of breastfeeding on diarrhoea and pneumonia mortality. Available online: http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/95585 (accessed on 10 January 2020).
- Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 2012, 129, e827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- ACOG committee opinion No. 756: Optimizing support for breastfeeding as part of obstetric practice. Obstet. Gynecol. 2018, 132, e187. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. Available online: https://www.who.int/topics/breastfeeding/en/ (accessed on 10 January 2020).
- Greer, F.R.; Sicherer, S.H.; Burks, A.W. The effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: The role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, hydrolyzed formulas, and timing of introduction of allergenic complementary foods. Pediatrics 2019, 143, e20190281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rajani, P.S.; Martin, H.; Groetch, M.; Järvinen, K.M. Presentation and management of food allergy in breastfed infants and risks of maternal elimination diets. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kramer, M.S.; Kakuma, R. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bronner, Y. Cross-cultural issues during pregnancy and lactation: Implications for assessment and counseling. In Nutrition and the Pregnant Adolescent: A Practical Reference Guide. Minnesota (MN): Center for Leadership, Education, and Training in Maternal and Child Nutrition; Story, M., Stang, J., Eds.; University of Minnesota: Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2000; pp. 173–180. [Google Scholar]
- Jeong, G.; Park, S.W.; Lee, Y.K.; Ko, S.Y.; Shin, S.M. Maternal food restrictions during breastfeeding. Korean J. Pediatr. 2017, 60, 70–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chakrabarti, S.; Chakrabarti, A. Food taboos in pregnancy and early lactation among women living in a rural area of West Bengal. J. Family Med. Prim. Care 2019, 8, 86–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation. Nutrition During Lactation; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Jeleń, K.; Wiens, F.; Paluszyńska, D.; Królak-Olejnik, B. Odżywianie w okresie ciąży i laktacji a ryzyko wystąpienia choroby atopowej u dziecka. [Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation and the risk of atopic disease and allergy in the child]. Stand. Med. Pediatr. 2015, 12, 587–590. [Google Scholar]
- Canadian Paediatric Society. Nutrition Committee Note. Dietary manipulations for infantile colic. Paediatr. Child Health 2003, 87, 449–452. [Google Scholar]
- Gordon, M.; Biagioli, E.; Sorrenti, M.; Lingua, C.; Moja, L.; Banks, S.S.; Ceratto, S.; Savino, F. Dietary modifications for infantile colic. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2018, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kidd, M.; Hnatiuk, M.; Barber, J.; Woolgar, M.-J.; Mackay, M.P. “Something is wrong with your milk”: Qualitative study of maternal dietary restriction and beliefs about infant colic. Can. Fam. Phys. 2019, 65, 204–211. [Google Scholar]
- Lawrence, R.M.; Lawrence, R.A. Given the Benefits of Breastfeeding, what Contraindications Exist? Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 2001, 48, 235–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butte, N.; Stuebe, A. Maternal Nutrition During Lactation. Available online: https://www.uptodate.com (accessed on 19 January 2020).
- Mennella, J.A.; Daniels, L.M.; Reiter, A.R. Learning to like vegetables during breastfeeding: A randomized clinical trial of lactating mothers and infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 106, 67–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mennella, J.A.; Jagnow, C.P.; Beauchamp, G.K. Prenatal and postnatal flavor learning by human infants. Pediatrics 2001, 107, E88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Köhler, R.; Lambert, C.; Biesalski, H.K. Animal-based food taboos during pregnancy and the postpartum period of Southeast Asian women—A review of literature. Food Res. Int. 2019, 115, 480–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santos-Torres, M.I.; Vásquez-Garibay, E. Food taboos among nursing mothers of Mexico. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2003, 21, 142–149. [Google Scholar]
- Gill, S.L. Breastfeeding by hispanic women. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 2009, 38, 244–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zielińska, M.A.; Sobczak, A.; Hamułka, J. Breastfeeding knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding of infants in first six months of life. Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig. 2017, 68, 51–59. [Google Scholar]
- Baranowska, B.; Malinowska, M.; Stanaszek, E.; Sys, D.; Bączek, G.; Doroszewska, A.; Tataj-Puzyna, U.; Michał, R. Extended breastfeeding in Poland: Knowledge of health care providers and attitudes on breastfeeding beyond infancy. J. Hum. Lact. 2019, 35, 371–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marangoni, F.; Cetin, I.; Verduci, E.; Canzone, G.; Giovannini, M.; Scollo, P.; Corsello, G.; Poli, A. Maternal diet and nutrient requirements in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Nutrients 2016, 8, 629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for energy. EFSA J. 2013, 11, 3005–3016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Koletzko, B.; Cetin, I.; Brenna, J.T.; Perinatal Lipid Intake Working Group, Child Health Foundation; Diabetic Pregnancy Study Group; European Association of Perinatal Medicine; European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism; European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Committee on Nutrition; International Federation of Placenta Associations; International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women. Br. J. Nutr. 2007, 98, 873–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Allen, L.H. Anemia and iron deficiency: Effects on pregnancy outcome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 71, 1280S–1284S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- WHO/UNICEF Reaching Optimal Iodine Nutrition in Pregnant and Lactating Women and Young Children. Available online: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/WHOStatement__IDD_pregnancy.pdf (accessed on 20 March 2020).
- Olausson, H.; Goldberg, G.R.; Laskey, M.A.; Schoenmakers, I.; Jarjou, L.M.A.; Prentice, A. Calcium economy in human pregnancy and lactation. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2012, 25, 40–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for folate. EFSA J. 2014, 12, 3893–3951. [Google Scholar]
- Rusińska, A.; Płudowski, P.; Walczak, M.; Borszewska-Kornacka, M.K.; Bossowski, A.; Chlebna-Sokół, D.; Czech-Kowalska, J.; Dobrzańska, A.; Franek, E.; Helwich, E.; et al. Vitamin D supplementation guidelines for general population and groups at risk of Vitamin D deficiency in Poland—recommendations of the polish society of pediatric endocrinology and diabetes and the expert panel with participation of nationals consultants and representatives of scientific societies—2018 update. Front. Endocrinol. 2018, 9, 246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variable | Number of Respondents (%) |
---|---|
Age in years | |
<20 | 3 (0.26%) |
20–29 | 490 (42.28%) |
30–39 | 581 (50.13%) |
≥40 | 85 (7.33%) |
Gender | |
Female | 1149 (99.14%) |
Male | 10 (0.86%) |
Place of residence | |
Village | 213 (18.38%) |
Cities < 100,000 residents | 301 (25.97%) |
Cities > 100,000 residents | 645 (55.65%) |
Profession | |
Medical | 407 (35.12%) |
Non-medical | 752 (64.88%) |
Parity | |
0 | 77 (6.64%) |
1 | 586 (50.56%) |
2 | 426 (36.76%) |
3 | 67 (5.78%) |
4 or more | 3 (0.26%) |
Duration of first child’s breastfeeding (months) | |
0–3 | 172 (14.84%) |
4–5 | 94 (8.11%) |
6–12 | 327 (28.21%) |
13–24 | 363 (31.32%) |
More than 24 | 118 (10.18%) |
n/a | 85 (7.33%) |
Item | Variables | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parity | Gender | Duration of Breastfeeding the 1st Child | Following the Elimination Diet When Breastfeeding the Child | Feeding the Infant with Commercial Formula Instead of Breastfeeding for the Reason of Elimination Diet | Practicing a Medical Profession | Following an Elimination Diet Due to a Doctor’s Advice | |
B; OR (95% CI) | B; OR (95% CI) | B; OR (95% CI) | B; OR (95% CI) | B; OR (95% CI) | B; OR (95% CI) | B; OR (95% CI) | |
Steak tartare | −0.246; 0.78 (0.66, 0.93) | n/s | 0.026; 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.700; 0.5 (0.38, 0.65) | n/s | n/s | −0.416; 0.66 (0.49, 0.89) |
Sushi | −0.213; 0.81 (0.68, 0.97) | n/s | 0.031; 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | −0.691; 0.5 (0.38, 0.66) | n/s | n/s | −0.335; 0.72 (0.52, 0.98) |
Honey | n/s | n/s | 0.036; 1.04 (1, 1.07) | −0.916; 0.4 (0.24, 0.68) | n/s | n/s | n/s |
Mushrooms | −0.311; 0.73 (0.59, 0.91) | n/s | 0.0304; 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | −1.034; 0.36 (0.26, 0.49) | n/s | n/s | n/s |
Cheese | −0.252; 0.78 (0.64, 0.95) | n/s | 0.040; 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) | −0.911; 0.4 (0.3, 0.54) | n/s | n/s | −0.426; 0.65 (0.46, 0.92) |
Cabbage | n/s | n/s | 0.051; 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | −1.561; 0.21 (0.14, 0.33) | n/s | n/s | −0.477; 0.62 (0.38, 1.01) |
Legumes | n/s | n/s | 0.043; 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | −1.692; 0.18 (0.12, 0.29) | n/s | n/s | −0.55; 0.57 (0.36, 0.93) |
Chocolate | n/s | n/s | 0.053; 1.05 (1.02, 1.09) | −1.433; 0.24 (0.14, 0.4) | n/s | n/s | n/s |
Sparkling beverages | −0.389; 0.68 (0.51, 0.89) | n/s | 0.047; 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | −0.919; 0.4 (0.27, 0.6) | n/s | n/s | n/s |
Coffee | n/s | n/s | 0.044; 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) | −1.193; 0.3 (0.19, 0.48) | n/s | n/s | −0.744; 0.48 (0.29, 0.78) |
Citrus fruits | n/s | n/s | 0.066; 1.07 (1.03, 1.11) | −1.693; 0.18 (0.11, 0.3) | n/s | n/s | n/s |
Stone fruits | −0.461; 0.63 (0.42, 0.95) | n/s | 0.045; 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | −1.733; 0.18 (0.09, 0.33) | n/s | n/s | n/s |
Nuts | n/s | n/s | 0.043; 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) | −1.819; 0.16 (0.1, 0.27) | n/s | n/s | −0.939; 0.39 (0.23, 0.65) |
Dairy products | n/s | 2.644; 14.07 (1.61, 122.97) | n/s | n/s | n/s | n/s | n/s |
Garlic | n/s | n/s | 0.107; 1.11 (1.07, 1.16) | −1.813; 0.16 (0.1, 0.28) | n/s | n/s | −0.566; 0.57 (0.33, 0.99) |
Onion | n/s | n/s | 0.084; 1.09 (1.04, 1.13) | −1.99; 0.14 (0.08, 0.24) | n/s | n/s | n/s |
Spicy food | n/s | n/s | 0.061; 1.06 (1.04, 1.09) | −1.187; 0.31 (0.22, 0.43) | n/s | n/s | n/s |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Karcz, K.; Lehman, I.; Królak-Olejnik, B. Foods to Avoid While Breastfeeding? Experiences and Opinions of Polish Mothers and Healthcare Providers. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1644. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061644
Karcz K, Lehman I, Królak-Olejnik B. Foods to Avoid While Breastfeeding? Experiences and Opinions of Polish Mothers and Healthcare Providers. Nutrients. 2020; 12(6):1644. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061644
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarcz, Karolina, Izabela Lehman, and Barbara Królak-Olejnik. 2020. "Foods to Avoid While Breastfeeding? Experiences and Opinions of Polish Mothers and Healthcare Providers" Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1644. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061644
APA StyleKarcz, K., Lehman, I., & Królak-Olejnik, B. (2020). Foods to Avoid While Breastfeeding? Experiences and Opinions of Polish Mothers and Healthcare Providers. Nutrients, 12(6), 1644. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061644