The Impact of Sunlight Conditions on the Consistency of Vegetation Indices in Croplands—Effective Usage of Vegetation Indices from Continuous Ground-Based Spectral Measurements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
Rice | Maize | Grass | |
---|---|---|---|
Site code | MSE | SHD | NSS |
Position | 36°03'14.3"N, 140°01'36.9"E | 42°24'41.4"N, 142°28'16.6"E | 36°54'54.3"N, 139°56'12.8"E |
Elevation (m asl) | 11 | 120–130 | 305 |
Mean annual air temperature (°C) | 13.7 | 8.0 | 12.2 |
Mean annual precipitation (mm) | 1200 | 1290 | 1561 |
Vegetation type | Paddy field | Upland field | Cultivated grassland |
Dominant species | Rice (Oryza sativa L.; cultivar Koshihikari) | Maize (Zea mays L.) | Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), Italian lyegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) |
Canopy height (m) | 0–1.2 | 0–3.2 | 0–1.2 |
Annual maximum leaf area index (m2·m−2) | 5.0 | NA | NA |
Height of sensor arm (m) | 2.88 | 5.15 | 1.55 |
Data logger | CR3000 | CR23X | CR23X |
Observation year | 2013 | 2013 | 2014 |
Growth stage | Transplanting: DOY 122 (2 May) Heading: DOY 204 (23 Jul.) Harvesting: DOY 249 (6 Sep.) | Budding: DOY 150 (30 May) Silking: Dot 208 (27 Jul.) Harvesting: DOY 261 (18 Sep.) | Second Harvesting: DOY 178 (27 Jun.) Third harvesting: DOY 239 (27 Aug.) |
2.2. Data and Analytical Methods
2.2.1. Multispectral Radiance Measurement
2.2.2. Vegetation Indices Based on Ground-Based Spectral Measurements
2.2.3. A Radiative Transfer Model for Simulating Vegetation Indices
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Chlorophyll a and b content (Cab) | 40 |
Carotenoid content (Car) | 12.3 |
Brown pigment content (Cbrown) | 0 |
Leaf water content (Cw) | 0.015 |
Leaf dry matter content (Cm) | 0.0055 |
Structure coefficient (N) | 1.5 |
Leaf angle distribution (LIDF) | Spherical |
Leaf area index (LAI) | 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
Solar zenith angle (tts) | 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 |
Observer zenith angle (tto) | 0 |
Azimuth (psi) | 0 |
Soil reflectance properties (psoil) | 0.7 |
3. Results
3.1. The Effects of Solar Zenith Angle on Diurnal and Seasonal Change of Vegetation Indices
Rice | Maize | Grass | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DOY | Slope | Intercept | R2 | DOY | Slope | Intercept | R2 | DOY | Slope | Intercept | R2 |
137 | 0.0005 | 0.140 | 0.111 | 146 | 0.0009 | 0.357 | 0.799 | 182 | 0.0029 | 0.426 | 0.855 |
140 | −0.00003 | 0.176 | 0.003 | 145 | 0.0002 | 0.371 | 0.295 | 181 | 0.0003 | 0.524 | 0.092 |
155 | 0.0050 | 0.274 | 0.847 | 151 | 0.0005 | 0.530 | 0.869 | 189 | 0.0029 | 0.585 | 0.775 |
157 | 0.0015 | 0.455 | 0.642 | 153 | −0.0003 | 0.590 | 0.215 | 187 | 0.0004 | 0.634 | 0.207 |
159 | 0.0034 | 0.449 | 0.829 | 183 | 0.0019 | 0.686 | 0.987 | 193 | 0.0012 | 0.766 | 0.798 |
162 | 0.0001 | 0.669 | 0.047 | 179 | −0.0001 | 0.772 | 0.102 | 192 | 0.0006 | 0.789 | 0.219 |
192 | 0.0019 | 0.844 | 0.856 | 201 | 0.0008 | 0.916 | 0.707 | 207 | 0.0008 | 0.865 | 0.897 |
194 | 0.0003 | 0.903 | 0.364 | 203 | −0.00007 | 0.950 | 0.161 | 203 | 0.0007 | 0.867 | 0.831 |
(b) GRVI | |||||||||||
Rice | Maize | Grass | |||||||||
DOY | Slope | Intercept | R2 | DOY | Slope | Intercept | R2 | DOY | Slope | Intercept | R2 |
137 | 0.0004 | −0.109 | 0.072 | 146 | 0.0005 | −0.370 | 0.609 | 182 | 0.0016 | −0.105 | 0.636 |
140 | 0.0003 | −0.041 | 0.173 | 145 | 0.0006 | −0.378 | 0.290 | 181 | −0.0001 | −0.039 | 0.002 |
155 | 0.0028 | 0.065 | 0.831 | 151 | 0.0007 | −0.207 | 0.628 | 189 | 0.0031 | 0.010 | 0.603 |
157 | 0.0010 | 0.154 | 0.680 | 153 | 0.0005 | −0.126 | 0.072 | 187 | 0.0003 | 0.076 | 0.014 |
159 | 0.0020 | 0.159 | 0.863 | 183 | 0.0018 | 0.023 | 0.921 | 193 | 0.0019 | 0.233 | 0.651 |
162 | 0.00004 | 0.269 | 0.019 | 179 | 0.0006 | 0.123 | 0.097 | 192 | 0.0014 | 0.272 | 0.242 |
192 | 0.0054 | 0.270 | 0.912 | 201 | 0.0032 | 0.204 | 0.749 | 207 | 0.0014 | 0.346 | 0.470 |
194 | 0.0004 | 0.438 | 0.115 | 203 | 0.0001 | 0.337 | 0.004 | 203 | 0.0013 | 0.371 | 0.412 |
3.2. Vegetation Indices Simulated Using the Radiative Transfer Model
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of the Solar Zenith Angle on the Change in Vegetation Indices
4.2. Response of Vegetation Indices to Solar Zenith Angle and Diffuse/Direct Light Conditions in Different Vegetation Types
4.3. Effective Usage of Vegetation Indices Derived from Continuous Ground-Based Spectral Measurement
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ishihara, M.; Inoue, Y.; Ono, K.; Shimizu, M.; Matsuura, S. The Impact of Sunlight Conditions on the Consistency of Vegetation Indices in Croplands—Effective Usage of Vegetation Indices from Continuous Ground-Based Spectral Measurements. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 14079-14098. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71014079
Ishihara M, Inoue Y, Ono K, Shimizu M, Matsuura S. The Impact of Sunlight Conditions on the Consistency of Vegetation Indices in Croplands—Effective Usage of Vegetation Indices from Continuous Ground-Based Spectral Measurements. Remote Sensing. 2015; 7(10):14079-14098. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71014079
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshihara, Mitsunori, Yoshio Inoue, Keisuke Ono, Mariko Shimizu, and Shoji Matsuura. 2015. "The Impact of Sunlight Conditions on the Consistency of Vegetation Indices in Croplands—Effective Usage of Vegetation Indices from Continuous Ground-Based Spectral Measurements" Remote Sensing 7, no. 10: 14079-14098. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71014079