Retrieval of Forest Aboveground Biomass and Stem Volume with Airborne Scanning LiDAR
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Field Data
2.2. Calculation of AGB
2.3. Tree Analyses for Evaluating the Biomass Models Used
2.4. LiDAR Data
2.5. Individual Tree Detection
2.5.1. Automatic Tree Detection and Visual Interpretation
2.5.2. Retrieval of AGB and VOL from Individual Tree Detection
2.6. Area-Based Approach
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Validation of the Biomass Estimation Models Used
3.2. Accuracy of the ABA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Conflict of InterestThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
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Variable | Tree Species | ||
---|---|---|---|
Scots Pine | Norway Spruce | Birch | |
b0 | −3.198 | −1.808 | −3.654 |
b1 | 9.547 | 9.482 | 10.582 |
b2 | 3.241 | 0.469 | 3.018 |
var(uk) | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.00068 |
var(eki) | 0.01 | 0.013 | 0.00727 |
Data set | n | Variable | Min | Max | Mean | Std |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | 254 | VOL, m3/ha | 43.6 | 533.3 | 183.4 | 89.5 |
Test | 254 | Dg, cm | 11.1 | 62.2 | 24.0 | 8.4 |
Test | 254 | Hg, m | 7.9 | 31.7 | 19.1 | 4.7 |
Test | 254 | AGB, t/ha | 19.5 | 239.3 | 92.6 | 41.7 |
Training | 255 | VOL, m3/ha | 46.8 | 586.2 | 189.2 | 99.3 |
Training | 255 | Dg, cm | 10.0 | 49.8 | 23.7 | 7.3 |
Training | 255 | Hg, m | 8.2 | 30.9 | 19.1 | 4.6 |
Training | 255 | AGB, t/ha | 22.4 | 270.8 | 96.2 | 47.5 |
Scots Pine | Norway Spruce | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std | Range | Mean | Std | Range | |
DBH, cm | 19.6 | 4.0 | 15.6 | 20.9 | 7.0 | 26.6 |
Height, m | 18.8 | 2.4 | 9 | 19.2 | 6.4 | 20 |
Age, year | 49 | 5 | 16 | 68.6 | 25.8 | 88 |
Crown ratio | 0.57 | 0.08 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.35 |
Liv. branch, kg | 46 | 25 | 91 | 106 | 69 | 279 |
Dead branch, kg | 4.2 | 3.3 | 13 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 16 |
Stem mass, kg | 270 | 122 | 446 | 338 | 281 | 1034 |
Total mass, kg | 321 | 146 | 541 | 448 | 351 | 1332 |
Feature | ABAfield | ABAITDauto | ABAITDvisual |
---|---|---|---|
Hmax | ● | ● | ● |
Hstd | ● | ||
CV | ● | ||
h10 | ● | ● | |
h20 | ● | ||
h30 | ● | ● | |
h40 | ● | ||
h50 | ● | ● | |
h60 | ● | ● | |
h90 | ● | ||
p10 | ● | ● | ● |
p30 | ● | ||
p40 | ● | ● | |
p50 | ● | ||
p70 | ● | ● | |
p80 | ● | ● | |
p90 | ● | ● |
Method | Variable | Bias | Bias (%) | RMSE | RMSE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABAfield | AGB, t/ha | −3.2 | −3.5 | 23.0 | 24.9 |
ABAITDauto | AGB, t/ha | −12.9 | −13.9 | 32.3 | 34.9 |
ABAITDvisual | AGB, t/ha | −2.8 | −3.1 | 26.4 | 28.5 |
ABAfield | VOL, m3/ha | −4.9 | −2.7 | 48.4 | 26.4 |
ABAITDauto | VOL, m3/ha | −22.9 | −12.5 | 62.4 | 34.0 |
ABAITDvisual | VOL, m3/ha | −3.4 | −1.9 | 53.6 | 29.2 |
Method | Tree Species | n | Adjusted R2 |
---|---|---|---|
ABAfield | Scots pine | 144 | 0.73 |
ABAfield | Norway spruce | 68 | 0.68 |
ABAfield | Deciduous trees | 42 | 0.72 |
ABAfield | All | 254 | 0.71 |
ABAITDauto | Scots pine | 144 | 0.75 |
ABAITDauto | Norway spruce | 68 | 0.68 |
ABAITDauto | Deciduous trees | 42 | 0.71 |
ABAITDauto | All | 254 | 0.71 |
ABAITDvisual | Scots pine | 144 | 0.76 |
ABAITDvisual | Norway spruce | 68 | 0.69 |
ABAITDvisual | Deciduous trees | 42 | 0.71 |
ABAITDvisual | All | 254 | 0.72 |
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Kankare, V.; Vastaranta, M.; Holopainen, M.; Räty, M.; Yu, X.; Hyyppä, J.; Hyyppä, H.; Alho, P.; Viitala, R. Retrieval of Forest Aboveground Biomass and Stem Volume with Airborne Scanning LiDAR. Remote Sens. 2013, 5, 2257-2274. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5052257
Kankare V, Vastaranta M, Holopainen M, Räty M, Yu X, Hyyppä J, Hyyppä H, Alho P, Viitala R. Retrieval of Forest Aboveground Biomass and Stem Volume with Airborne Scanning LiDAR. Remote Sensing. 2013; 5(5):2257-2274. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5052257
Chicago/Turabian StyleKankare, Ville, Mikko Vastaranta, Markus Holopainen, Minna Räty, Xiaowei Yu, Juha Hyyppä, Hannu Hyyppä, Petteri Alho, and Risto Viitala. 2013. "Retrieval of Forest Aboveground Biomass and Stem Volume with Airborne Scanning LiDAR" Remote Sensing 5, no. 5: 2257-2274. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5052257
APA StyleKankare, V., Vastaranta, M., Holopainen, M., Räty, M., Yu, X., Hyyppä, J., Hyyppä, H., Alho, P., & Viitala, R. (2013). Retrieval of Forest Aboveground Biomass and Stem Volume with Airborne Scanning LiDAR. Remote Sensing, 5(5), 2257-2274. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5052257