The Impacts of Rapid Urbanization on the Thermal Environment: A Remote Sensing Study of Guangzhou, South China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Image Preprocessing
3. Methods
3.1. Classification of Land Use and Land Cover
3.2. Calculation of NDVI and NDBI
3.3. Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature
- When NDVI > 0.70, ε = 0.99;
- When 0.05 ≤ NDVI ≤ 0.70, ε is computed using Equation (6).
3.4. LST Normalization and UHI Intensity
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Urban Expansion Analysis Based on Land Use/Cover Change
4.2. Spatiotemporal Variation in the Urban Thermal Environment
4.3. Impact of LULC on the Land Surface Temperature
4.3.1. Characteristics of Land Surface Temperature by LULC
4.3.2. UHI Intensity
4.3.3. Variation in the Regional Temperature Range
4.4. Correlation Analysis of LST and NDBI, NDVI
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Acquired Date | Sensor | Cloud (%) | Tmean (K) | Tmax (K) | Tmin (K) | DTR (K) | Prcp (mm) | Wmean (m/s) | Vmean (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990/10/13 | TM | 0 | 298.0 | 303.2 | 293.5 | 9.7 | 0 | 5.7 | 7.2 |
2000/1/2 | ETM+ | 0 | 292.4 | 300.0 | 285.7 | 14.3 | 0 | 1.9 | 3.0 |
2005/11/23 | TM | 0 | 291.6 | 297.2 | 287.1 | 10.1 | 0 | 5.3 | 6.7 |
2009/1/2 | TM | 0 | 284.5 | 291.2 | 279.2 | 12.0 | 0 | 4.2 | 5.6 |
Date | User Accuracy (%) | Overall Accuracy (%) | Kappa Coefficient | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL | WD | WT | CL | TL | |||
1990/10/13 | 99.37 | 72.04 | 100.00 | 98.15 | 99.34 | 91.30 | 0.88 |
2000/1/2 | 99.88 | 91.69 | 99.60 | 61.83 | 74.66 | 86.52 | 0.83 |
2005/11/23 | 94.67 | 84.15 | 99.89 | 66.21 | 84.46 | 87.08 | 0.84 |
2009/1/2 | 100.00 | 97.71 | 100.00 | 99.52 | 90.42 | 98.29 | 0.98 |
Date | Citywide | Zone 4 | Zone 5 | UHII | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Para. | Min | Max | Range | Mean | SD | Area (km2) | Percent | Area (km2) | Percent | |
1990 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.38 | 0.10 | 187.39 | 2.64 | 1.57 | 0.02 | 2.13 |
2000 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.39 | 0.10 | 88.68 | 1.25 | 2.69 | 0.04 | 1.04 |
2005 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 314.25 | 4.42 | 3.91 | 0.06 | 3.59 |
2009 | 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.46 | 0.10 | 359.27 | 5.06 | 5.00 | 0.07 | 4.12 |
Date | 1990/10/13 | 2000/1/2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Para. | Tmin | Tmax | RTR | Tmean | SD | Tmin | Tmax | RTR | Tmean | SD |
BL | 292.5 | 303.2 | 10.7 | 297.2 | 1.2 | 291.0 | 296.4 | 5.4 | 293.5 | 0.8 |
WD | 289.0 | 299.1 | 10.1 | 294.2 | 1.3 | 286.7 | 298.5 | 11.7 | 292.4 | 1.4 |
TL | 291.7 | 308.9 | 17.3 | 296.9 | 1.3 | 283.8 | 303.6 | 19.9 | 292.6 | 1.6 |
WT | 293.2 | 300.3 | 7.1 | 295.3 | 1.0 | 287.1 | 297.4 | 10.3 | 289.6 | 1.0 |
CL | 292.1 | 299.8 | 7.7 | 295.1 | 1.2 | 289.3 | 298.5 | 9.2 | 293.2 | 1.1 |
Date | 2005/11/23 | 2009/1/2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Para. | Tmin | Tmax | RTR | Tmean | SD | Tmin | Tmax | RTR | Tmean | SD |
BL | 288.5 | 298.1 | 9.6 | 294.2 | 1.2 | 280.0 | 297.5 | 17.5 | 289.2 | 1.6 |
WD | 283.8 | 296.2 | 12.4 | 290.3 | 1.7 | 278.3 | 292.6 | 14.4 | 285.4 | 2.0 |
TL | 283.6 | 303.1 | 19.5 | 294.2 | 1.9 | 280.0 | 296.7 | 16.7 | 288.4 | 1.0 |
WT | 287.0 | 294.8 | 7.8 | 291.5 | 1.0 | 281.7 | 290.3 | 8.5 | 287.6 | 1.0 |
CL | 287.6 | 298.1 | 10.5 | 292.6 | 1.2 | 281.8 | 294.5 | 12.7 | 287.9 | 1.1 |
Profile | NDBI | NDVI | Constant | R2 | F | p | Number of Samples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HD-GZ-PY | 5.23 | −2.92 | 296.83 | 0.60 | 2148.53 | 0.00 | 2,809 |
GZ-HP | 3.98 | −1.78 | 297.12 | 0.43 | 382.00 | 0.00 | 1,029 |
GZ_ZC | 4.98 | −1.68 | 297.08 | 0.53 | 1244.91 | 0.00 | 2,224 |
GZ-CH | 7.21 | −2.42 | 296.87 | 0.64 | 2572.25 | 0.00 | 2,918 |
Combined | 5.23 | −2.92 | 296.83 | 0.60 | 6807.01 | 0.00 | 9,160 |
Share and Cite
Xiong, Y.; Huang, S.; Chen, F.; Ye, H.; Wang, C.; Zhu, C. The Impacts of Rapid Urbanization on the Thermal Environment: A Remote Sensing Study of Guangzhou, South China. Remote Sens. 2012, 4, 2033-2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4072033
Xiong Y, Huang S, Chen F, Ye H, Wang C, Zhu C. The Impacts of Rapid Urbanization on the Thermal Environment: A Remote Sensing Study of Guangzhou, South China. Remote Sensing. 2012; 4(7):2033-2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4072033
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiong, Yongzhu, Shaopeng Huang, Feng Chen, Hong Ye, Cuiping Wang, and Changbai Zhu. 2012. "The Impacts of Rapid Urbanization on the Thermal Environment: A Remote Sensing Study of Guangzhou, South China" Remote Sensing 4, no. 7: 2033-2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4072033
APA StyleXiong, Y., Huang, S., Chen, F., Ye, H., Wang, C., & Zhu, C. (2012). The Impacts of Rapid Urbanization on the Thermal Environment: A Remote Sensing Study of Guangzhou, South China. Remote Sensing, 4(7), 2033-2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4072033