Analysis of the Impacts of Environmental Factors on Rat Hole Density in the Northern Slope of the Tienshan Mountains with Satellite Remote Sensing Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Bayesian Network
3. Results
3.1. Correlation Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting RHD
3.2. Sensitivity Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting RHD Based on the BN
3.3. Causal Diagnosis of High RHD and Evaluation of the Potential Ecological Amplitude of Rats in LWR and UPR Based on the BN
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effectiveness of a BN in the Attribution Analysis of RHD Distribution in NTXJ
4.2. Uncertainties and Limitations Concerning the Driving Environmental Mechanisms of RHD in NTXJ
4.3. Other Potential Impacts of Grazing on RHD
4.4. The Prospect of Combining Satellite Remote Sensing Data and RHD Modeling
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Factors | Explanation | Raw Dataset Source | Spatiotemporal Resolution |
---|---|---|---|
Elevation | SRTM DEM dataset in China (2000) [31] | 90 m | |
Slope | SRTM DEM dataset in China (2000) [31] | 90 m | |
Aspect | SRTM DEM dataset in China (2000) [31] | 90 m | |
Sand | Percentage of sand content in topsoil | Harmonized World Soil Database | |
Silt | Percentage of silt content in topsoil | Harmonized World Soil Database | |
Clay | Percentage of clay content in topsoil | Harmonized World Soil Database | |
P_yr | Annual precipitation | 1 km monthly precipitation dataset for China (1901–2017) [32]. The dataset was made through a fusion of remote sensing products, a reanalysis dataset, and in situ observation data at weather stations. | 1 km, yearly |
P_3mon_lag_pre | Precipitation in the three months before the survey | 1 km monthly precipitation dataset for China (1901–2017) [32] | 1 km, monthly |
T_avg_yr | Annual average temperature | 1 km monthly mean temperature dataset for china (1901–2017) [33] | 1 km, yearly |
T_max_yr | Monthly maximum temperature | 1 km monthly maximum temperature dataset for China (1901–2017) [34] | 1 km, monthly |
T_min_yr | Monthly minimum temperature | 1 km monthly minimum temperature dataset for China (1901–2017) [35] | 1 km, monthly |
T_mon | Monthly average temperature | 1 km monthly mean temperature dataset for china (1901–2017) [33] | 1 km, monthly |
NDVI | Normalized vegetation index | NOAA Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS), version number 3g.v1 | 8 km, monthly (Maximum Value Composites with 15-day raw data) from 1981 to 2015 |
LAI | Leaf area index | NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) of Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), Version 4 | 8 km, monthly (mean value of daily raw data) from 1982 through the present |
Grazing intensity | Grazing intensity (number of livestock per hectare) | FAO (http://www.fao.org/livestock-systems/en/, last accessed: 10 November 2021), field data in 2015, Xinjiang statistical yearbook [10,11] | 0.08333°, yearly |
Shortwave radiation | China meteorological forcing dataset (1979–2018) [14] | 0.1°, monthly (mean value of 3-hour raw data) |
Variables | Status Levels | Unit |
---|---|---|
RHD | 0 to 300, 300 to 800, 800 to 4000 | n/ha |
Elevation | 200 to 600, 600 to 1000, 1000 to 1600, 1600 to 2500 | m |
P_yr | 0 to 150, 150 to 250, 250 to 600 | mm |
T_avg_yr | −3 to 8, 8 to 10, 10 to 12 | °C |
P_3mon_lag_pre | 0 to 10, 10 to 30, 30 to 60 | mm |
NDVI | 0 to 0.1, 0.1 to 0.2, 0.2 to 0.6 | |
LAI | 0 to 0.15, 0.15 to 0.3, 0.3 to 1 | |
Slope | 0 to 2, 2 to 10 | ° |
Sand | 0 to 40, 40 to 55, 55 to 100 |
Environmental Variables | NTXJ | Plain Desert (200 to 600 m) | Desert & low Mountain (600 to 1000 m) | Grassland & Low Mountain (1000 to 1600 m) | Grassland/Coniferous Forest & Mid Mountain(1600 to 2500 m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elevation | 0.01215 | no value | no value | no value | no value |
LAI | 0.06445 | 0.03561 | 0.08259 | 0.07575 | 0.08313 |
NDVI | 0.03974 | 0.02737 | 0.05708 | 0.01535 | 0.00865 |
Sand | 0.02447 | 0.03586 | 0.02840 | 0.00477 | 0.00398 |
Slope | 0.02698 | 0.02163 | 0.05088 | 0.00481 | 0.00454 |
P_yr | 0.01492 | 0.00236 | 0.02017 | 0.02246 | 0.00046 |
P_3mon_lag_pre | 0.01062 | 0.01160 | 0.01405 | 0.00807 | 0.01112 |
T_avg_yr | 0.00739 | 0.00912 | 0.00142 | 0 | 0 |
Environmental Variables | Probabilistic Changes in the Status of Environmental Variables Due to the Determination of the High RHD Status in LWR (%) | Probabilistic Changes in the Status of Environmental Variables Due to the Determination of the High RHD Status in UPR (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | |
LAI | +2.6 | −8.7 | +6.1 | −0.5 | −12.0 | +12.5 |
NDVI | +5.6 | −11.6 | +6.0 | +1.8 | −18.0 | +16.2 |
Sand | −17.9 | +13.4 | +4.5 | −6.5 | +3.2 | +3.3 |
Slope | −9.6 | no value | +9.6 | −12.5 | no value | +12.5 |
P_yr | −2.8 | +2.8 | 0 | −12.8 | +11.2 | +1.6 |
P_3mon_lag_pre | −5.5 | +3.4 | +2.1 | −5.5 | +2.8 | +2.7 |
T_avg_yr | +1.1 | −0.5 | −0.6 | +3.7 | −3.7 | 0 |
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Shi, H.; Pan, Q.; Luo, G.; Hellwich, O.; Chen, C.; Voorde, T.V.d.; Kurban, A.; De Maeyer, P.; Wu, S. Analysis of the Impacts of Environmental Factors on Rat Hole Density in the Northern Slope of the Tienshan Mountains with Satellite Remote Sensing Data. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4709. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224709
Shi H, Pan Q, Luo G, Hellwich O, Chen C, Voorde TVd, Kurban A, De Maeyer P, Wu S. Analysis of the Impacts of Environmental Factors on Rat Hole Density in the Northern Slope of the Tienshan Mountains with Satellite Remote Sensing Data. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(22):4709. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224709
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Haiyang, Qun Pan, Geping Luo, Olaf Hellwich, Chunbo Chen, Tim Van de Voorde, Alishir Kurban, Philippe De Maeyer, and Shixin Wu. 2021. "Analysis of the Impacts of Environmental Factors on Rat Hole Density in the Northern Slope of the Tienshan Mountains with Satellite Remote Sensing Data" Remote Sensing 13, no. 22: 4709. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224709
APA StyleShi, H., Pan, Q., Luo, G., Hellwich, O., Chen, C., Voorde, T. V. d., Kurban, A., De Maeyer, P., & Wu, S. (2021). Analysis of the Impacts of Environmental Factors on Rat Hole Density in the Northern Slope of the Tienshan Mountains with Satellite Remote Sensing Data. Remote Sensing, 13(22), 4709. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224709