Integrated Methodologies (SWOT, TOWS, LCA) for Improving Production Chains and Environmental Sustainability of Kiwifruit and Baby Kiwi in Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Geographical Context
2.2. LCA Goal and Scope
- impactj,k,i = annual median impact per kg for orchard production phase i, impact category j and production system k;
- yieldk,i = median yield obtained in orchard production phase i and production system k;
- lifespank,i = lifespan of orchard production phase i and production system k.
2.3. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
System Boundaries and Data Collection
2.4. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
2.5. SWOT and TOWS Analyses
- WT strategies employ the principle of minimising both threats and drawbacks (Min–Min), reducing threats and overcoming shortcomings;
- WO strategies use the principle of minimising drawbacks and maximising opportunities (Min–Max), decreasing weaknesses and using opportunities;
- ST strategies use the principle of maximising strengths and minimising threats (Max–Min), strengthening advantages and averting risks;
- SO strategies use the principle of maximising both strengths and opportunities (Max–Max), enhancing merits and taking advantage of opportunities.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. LCIA Field Production System
3.2. SWOT and TOWS Analyses
3.2.1. Internal Parameters
Strengths
Weaknesses
3.2.2. External Parameters
Opportunities
Threats
4. Conclusions
- Large-scale oriented;
- Berry fruits oriented;
- Export and organic oriented;
- Niche oriented.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Founding Source
References
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Phase | Operation or Input | A. deliciosa | A. arguta | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material or Machine | Material or Machine | ||||
Nursery | Rooting | Substratum | 300 L ha−1 | Substratum | 300 L ha−1 |
Mulching | Black PE | 400 kg ha−1 | Black PE | 400 kg ha−1 | |
Covering | White PE | 6.7 kg ha−1 | White PE | 6.7 kg ha−1 | |
Covering | Metal supports | 7.5 kg ha−1 | Metal supports | 7.5 kg ha−1 | |
Fertigation system | PVC piping | 46 kg ha−1 | PVC piping | 46 kg ha−1 | |
Fertigation system | PVC tubing | 46 kg ha−1 | PVC tubing | 46 kg ha−1 | |
Fertigation | Compost mix | 300 kg ha−1 | Compost mix | 300 kg ha−1 | |
Fertigation | Water | 40 m3 ha−1 | Water | 40 m3 ha−1 | |
Cold storage | Electrical energy | 35 kWh m3 | Electrical energy | 35 kWh m3 | |
Filel | Soil preparation | Plough or cultivator | 1 h ha−1 | Plough or cultivator | 1 h ha−1 |
Soil preparation | Harrow | 1 h ha−1 | Harrow | 1 h ha−1 | |
Irrigation system | PVC piping | 379.1 kg ha−1 | PVC piping | 379.1 kg ha−1 | |
Irrigation system | PVC tubing | 52.8 kg ha−1 | PVC tubing | 52.8 kg ha−1 | |
Irrigation | Water | 1440 m3 ha−1 | Water | 1500 m3 ha−1 | |
Base fertilization | Manure | 40 t ha−1 | Manure | 50 t ha−1 | |
Fertilization | N | 60 kg ha−1 | N | 60 kg ha−1 | |
Fertilization | P | 30 kg ha−1 | P | 30 kg ha−1 | |
Fertilization | K | 110 kg ha−1 | K | 120 kg ha−1 | |
Covering | hail net | 600 kg ha−1 | hail net | 600 kg ha−1 | |
Covering | Wood supports | 700 kg ha−1 | Wood supports | 700 kg ha−1 | |
Plant supports | Metal supports | 300 kg ha−1 | Metal support | 300 kg ha−1 | |
Plant protection treatments | p.a. | 2.5 kg ha−1 | p.a. | 1.5 kg ha−1 | |
Total processes | Diesel consumption | 400 kg ha−1 | Diesel consumption | 220 kg ha−1 | |
Post-harvesting | Refrigeration/storage | Electrical energy | 0.33 kwh kg−1 | Electrical energy | 0.17 kwh kg−1 |
fruit calibration | Electrical energy | 0.006 kwh kg−1 | Electrical energy | 0.005 kwh kg−1 | |
Packaging | PE | 0.02 kg kg−1 | PE | 0.019 kg kg−1 | |
Packaging | Cardboard | 0.080 kg kg−1 | PE bag | 0.004 kg kg−2 |
A. arguta | A. deliciosa | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Impact Category | Unit | Young Phase | Full Phase | Total | Young Phase | Full Phase | Total |
Orchard | Orchard | ||||||
Cycle | Cycle | ||||||
Global Warming | kg CO2 eq | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.172 | 0.11 | 0.11 |
(+58%) | (+59%) | ||||||
Non-renewable energy | MJ primary | 3.58 | 2.17 | 2.3 | 4.74 | 2.67 | 2.86 |
(+65) | (+78%) | ||||||
Ipcc GWP 100a | kg CO2 eq | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.13 |
(+54%) | (+56%) |
Impact Category | Unit | A. arguta | A. deliciosa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Young Phase | Full Phase | Total Orchard + Warehouse Cycle | Young Phase | Full Phase | Total Orchard + Warehouse Cycle | ||
Global Warming | kg CO2 eq | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.48 |
(+23%) | (+13%) | ||||||
Non-renewable energy | MJ primary | 7.05 | 5.70 | 5.82 | 11.20 | 9.21 | 9.39 |
(+24%) | (+22%) | ||||||
IPCC GWP 100° | kg CO2 eq | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
(+22%) | (+13%) |
SO Strategy (Max–Max) | WO Strategy (Min–Max) |
1. large scale oriented | 3. export and organic oriented |
SF1, SW1, SD1, SC1 | WD2, WC1, WW1 |
OF1, OW, OC1, OC2 | OF1, OC1, OC2, OF1, OD1 |
ST Strategy (Max–Min) | WT Strategy (Min–Min) |
2. berry-fruit market oriented | 4. niche oriented |
SF1, SF4, SW3, SC2, SW1 | WF1, WW1, WD1, WD2, WC1, WC3 |
TF1, TW1, TD1, TC1 | TF3, TW1, TD1, TC1 |
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Baudino, C.; Giuggioli, N.R.; Briano, R.; Massaglia, S.; Peano, C. Integrated Methodologies (SWOT, TOWS, LCA) for Improving Production Chains and Environmental Sustainability of Kiwifruit and Baby Kiwi in Italy. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091621
Baudino C, Giuggioli NR, Briano R, Massaglia S, Peano C. Integrated Methodologies (SWOT, TOWS, LCA) for Improving Production Chains and Environmental Sustainability of Kiwifruit and Baby Kiwi in Italy. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091621
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaudino, Claudio, Nicole Roberta Giuggioli, Rossella Briano, Stefano Massaglia, and Cristiana Peano. 2017. "Integrated Methodologies (SWOT, TOWS, LCA) for Improving Production Chains and Environmental Sustainability of Kiwifruit and Baby Kiwi in Italy" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091621