Driving Force Analysis of the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Flash Floods in Sichuan Province
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Data
- (1)
- The flash flood data for Sichuan Province from 1949 to 2014 were derived from the FFIEDC, and these data include the location, time, and number of casualties.
- (2)
- Small watershed (10 to 50 km2) data are from the FFIEDC.
- (3)
- A digital elevation model (DEM) was obtained from the Bureau of Surveying and Cartography (SBSC). The DEM included elevation and slope.
- (4)
- Soil type data were provided by the RESDC. The soil types included silt, sandy loam, sandy clay, loam, clay, and rock.
- (5)
- Daily precipitation data from the meteorological stations in Sichuan Province and the surrounding areas were obtained from the National Weather Service of China.
- (6)
- The GDPs for 1 km × 1 km grid population data were obtained from the RESDC. These spatially distributed data were transformed from census data based on a specialized model.
- (7)
- The fractional coverage of vegetation was calculated from the 1 km × 1 km grid MOD13A2 of NASA, as shown in Equation (2).
3.2. Methodology
3.2.1. Factor Acquisitions
3.2.2. Geographical Detector-Based Assessment
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Flash Floods
4.2. Factor Distributions
4.2.1. Environmental Background Conditions
4.2.2. Precipitation
4.2.3. Human Activity
4.3. Risk Factors for the Spatial Distribution of Flash Floods
4.4. Driving Forces of Temporal and Spatial Variability
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Parameters | Scale or Resolution | Time | Data Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flash floods | flash floods | 1:50,000 | 1949–2014 | Flash Flood Investigation and Evaluation Dataset of China (FFIEDC) |
small watershed | 1:50,000 | 2014 | FFIEDC | |
Environmental background conditions | elevation | 1:50,000 | 2014 | SBSC |
slope | 1:50,000 | 2014 | SBSC | |
soil type | 1:100,000 | 2014 | RESDC * | |
Precipitation | daily precipitation | - | 1995–2014 | CMA |
Human activities | population density | 1 km × 1 km | 2000, 2010 | RESDC * |
farm land | 1 km × 1 km | 2000, 2010 | RESDC * | |
vegetation fractional coverage of vegetation | 1 km × 1 km | 2000, 2010 | NASA, MODIS | |
GDP density | 1 km × 1 km | 2000, 2010 | RESDC * |
Type | Factor Name | Description |
---|---|---|
Flash flood intensity | F(95-04) | Disaster intensity index of a small watershed from 1995 to 2004 |
F(05-14) | Disaster intensity index of a small watershed from 2005 to 2014 | |
Environmental background conditions | Ele | Average elevation of a small watershed (m) |
Slp | Average slope of a small watershed (°) | |
Soil | Soil type that accounts for the largest proportion of the total area in a small watershed | |
Precipitation | P5 | Index of days with daily precipitation greater than 5 mm |
P50 | Index of days with daily precipitation greater than 50 mm | |
P100 | Index of days with daily precipitation greater than 100 mm | |
Human activities | POP | Population density (persons/km2) |
Pcul | Percentage of the total area of cultivated land (%) | |
VFC | fractional coverage of vegetation (calculated from NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data) | |
GDP | GDP density (10,000 yuan/km2) |
Environmental Background Conditions | Precipitation | Human Activities | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PD value | Ele | Soil | Slp | P5 | P50 | P100 | POP | Pcul | VFC | GDP |
D95–04 | 0.593 | 0.156 | 0.169 | 0.465 | 0.699 | 0.771 | 0.646 | 0.565 | 0.077 | 0.614 |
D05–14 | 0.734 | 0.197 | 0.191 | 0.582 | 0.673 | 0.711 | 0.776 | 0.670 | 0.098 | 0.729 |
D05–14–D95–04 | 0.218 | 0.071 | 0.096 | 0.483 | 0.453 | 0.441 | 0.274 | 0.163 | 0.112 | 0.293 |
Ele | Soil | Slp | P5 | P50 | P100 | POP | Pcul | VFC | GDP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ele | 0.218 | |||||||||
Soil | 0.274 | 0.071 | ||||||||
Slp | 0.306 | 0.173 | 0.096 | |||||||
P5 | 0.574 | 0.528 | 0.526 | 0.483 | ||||||
P50 | 0.561 | 0.513 | 0.508 | 0.545 | 0.453 | |||||
P100 | 0.555 | 0.496 | 0.498 | 0.535 | 0.476 | 0.441 | ||||
POP | 0.432 | 0.336 | 0.337 | 0.589 | 0.584 | 0.567 | 0.274 | |||
Pcul | 0.310 | 0.212 | 0.216 | 0.590 | 0.596 | 0.581 | 0.427 | 0.163 | ||
VFC | 0.370 | 0.211 | 0.215 | 0.519 | 0.508 | 0.497 | 0.391 | 0.302 | 0.112 | |
GDP | 0.440 | 0.294 | 0.291 | 0.547 | 0.549 | 0.546 | 0.418 | 0.451 | 0.504 | 0.201 |
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Liu, Y.; Yuan, X.; Guo, L.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, X. Driving Force Analysis of the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Flash Floods in Sichuan Province. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091527
Liu Y, Yuan X, Guo L, Huang Y, Zhang X. Driving Force Analysis of the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Flash Floods in Sichuan Province. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091527
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yesen, Ximin Yuan, Liang Guo, Yaohuan Huang, and Xiaolei Zhang. 2017. "Driving Force Analysis of the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Flash Floods in Sichuan Province" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091527