An Investigation into Risk Perception in the ICT Industry as a Core Component of Responsible Research and Innovation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Responsible Research and Innovation
2.2. Risk Assessment
- Those that observe or calculate the risk of a process.
- Those that rely upon the perceptions of individuals.
2.3. Ethical and Societal Risks Associated with R&I in ICT
3. Methodology
3.1. Sampling Method
3.2. The Interviews
3.3. Two-Round Delphi Study
- Awareness of RRI
- Integration of RRI into the product value chain
- Responsible governance
- Inclusion of RRI dimensions in the ICT for ageing society area.
4. Results
4.1. Summary of Participants
4.2. Results from the Interviews
4.2.1. Profit Assurance
“It would be almost stupid to do something without having all the stakeholders involved … we would probably be out of business if we don’t deliver what works or what solves real need.”(13)
“There are standards in place … but those standards refer mainly to performance and quality control as opposed to having any specific ethical content.”(28)
“We do not use specific procedures to evaluate the risk of unintended consequences of our product development.”(19)
“In general, inside our company, we do not have any professional ethical code. It is sufficient for us to use our moral intuitions, based on our experience, to evaluate if the data are sensitive or not. We ask our customers to sign a waiver to discharge us from legal liability.”(20)
4.2.2. Profit Plus
“Our research and development work is always carried out with the end-users, like persons with dementia and their relatives … The most significant action in our development work is to involve the end-users into process. All research and development should be based on actual needs and have significant meaning to the target group.”(5)
“(Risk assessment) is a part of the consumer design in the first place. So you have to understand the effects of the products, the effects of manufacturing the products, the effects from the raw materials and of course the effects can be social, they can be physical, they can be medical … following how we make our products, what we make our products from and so on.”(15)
“We include worldwide risk assessment also providing information as to which risks they are within different countries, different geographical areas, and for different kinds of all the vendors that we have with regards to labour and the environment and their level of effects.”(24)
“Because the idea was great but the outcome, during development, shows that this potentially could not be useful or used in the market because of the potential risks that are discovered.”(6)
4.2.3. Data Management
“The issue, in terms of responsible research and innovation, has come with the use of actual patient records technology and sharing the data across organisations of individuals and health care professionals and who has secondary rights to that data for the purposes of research and how to manage the governance around that.”(3)
“We have to handle and manage a massive amount of sensitive data and information in health care. We have in place all the protocols that are necessary to guarantee data protection and safety.”(21)
4.3. Results from the Delphi Study
4.3.1. What the Risks Are
- Transmission of data to a third party (3.5/5)
- Reasoning systems for privacy–sensitive data analysis (for example, noise analysis for activity recognition) (3.4/5)
- Brain–computer interface (3.4/5).
4.3.2. When to Address Risks
“I disagree with this approach—no amount of early planning can prepare the delivery organisations for the perception issues they must deal with when going into the market.”(D13)
4.3.3. Who Should Address the Ethical and Societal Risks?
4.3.4. How to Address the Risks
- Ethical assessment (78%)
- Risk assessment procedures (71%)
- Pilot studies for evaluating different scenarios (44%)
- List of moral values (44%).
“I believe the failures are typically in the execution of the methodologies, rather than in the methodologies themselves.”(D2)
- Need for rules on personal data protection that are valid for all companies, regardless of their establishment, inside or outside Europe (75%)
- Need for a single pan-European regulation for personal data protection (67%)
- Insufficient in terms of personal data protection (58%)
- Insufficient in terms of specific legislation on e-Health, including mobile health practices (50%)
4.3.5. A Culture of Responsible Research and Innovation
“There is no real need for new tools or more bureaucracy, but, instead, for a change of thinking. RRI should be part of the company philosophy. The management should be responsible for propagating this philosophy throughout the company, creating a company culture in which every department and employee act responsibly.”(D21)
“Most people are not aware of the risks of new technologies, as, for example, seen by the imprudent use of social networks and cloud services. Therefore, we need more education and an open discussion of technology impacts and societal responsibility.”(D21)
“I agree from a general point of view, but social aspects, ethics, and responsibility cannot be taught to adults with years of experience.”(D11)
5. Discussion
- (1)
- Degree of innovationThe enterprises that develop products which are at the forefront of R&I are more responsive to ethical and societal issues.
- (2)
- Interface with end-usersEnterprises that develop products or services that involve direct interface with end-users are more likely to undertake activities for engagement/involvement of end-users to increase acceptability/desirability of the products/services.
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Indicative Interview Questions
- (1)
- The purpose of this interview is to seek your opinions about RRI in industry. Is that a concept you have ever come across before? (Probe further here if necessary and help by offering suggestions to find out about particular ways of how RRI can be recognised in practice)
- (2)
- In your experience what are the key drivers for this type of activity? (e.g., who is in charge, are there any requirements for, and what are people’s motivations?)
- (3)
- In your experience, what are the main challenges for development and implementation of RRI?
- (4)
- What do you think would need to be in place to help with those challenges?
- (5)
- In what ways is consideration paid to your target or end-users in research and innovation activities? (e.g., who is consulted in the development phase, who benefits from it and why these groups, do you interact with NGOs?)
- (6)
- What attention is paid to codes of conduct in your company? (e.g., do you have any particular protocols in place to consider ethical aspects of research and innovation? How do professional ethical codes have an impact? If none, then any idea why not?)
- (7)
- What attention is paid to ISO or other certifications in your company?
- (8)
- To what extent does your company attempt to predict (unintended) consequences of your product development and later product use, in particular, when it comes to impact on the environment, society, and the well-being of users? (Ask about any methods used in this assessment)
- (9)
- Have you or would you consider making the results of your research and/or other innovation data openly available? (What would be the benefits or reasons why not?)
- (10)
- Anything else you would like to add?
Appendix B
Code | Country of Origin | Type of Business | Size | Position Held |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cyprus | Medical technology | SME | Founder/Chief executive |
2 | Cyprus | Research/technology | SME | Employee |
3 | UK | Data management | SME | Partner |
4 | UK | Consultancy/e-health | SME | Director |
5 | France | Health robotics | Large | Marketing |
6 | Switzerland | Medical technology | Large | Vice president |
7 | UK | Medical data solutions | SME | National manager |
8 | Germany | Medical technology | Large | Chief executive officer |
9 | Germany | Medical technology | Large | Development manager |
10 | Spain | ICT | Large | Project manager |
11 | Spain | Telemedicine | SME | Chief technology officer |
12 | Spain | ICT | SME | Chief executive officer |
13 | Finland | Green IT | SME | Global sourcing |
14 | Germany | Engineering | SME | Head of programme |
15 | Finland | Telecommunications | Large | Head of Innovation |
16 | NL | R&I | SME | Researcher |
17 | NL | R&I | SME | President |
18 | NL | Technology | Large | Research director |
19 | Italy | Telecommunications | Large | Project manager |
20 | Italy | ICT | SME | Information systems manager |
21 | Italy | Web healthcare apps | SME | Project worker |
22 | Denmark | ICT | SME | Head of research |
23 | Denmark | Technology | SME | Business development manager |
24 | Denmark | Technology | SME | Business development manager |
25 | Finland | ICT | SME | Development manager |
26 | Spain | Immersive technologies | SME | Research & development Manager |
27 | UK | Health NGO | SME | Programme lead |
28 | Spain | Technology | Large | International director |
29 | UK | Technology for elderly | Large | Chief executive officer |
30 | Sweden | ICT | Large | Vice president |
Appendix C
Delphi Code | Country of Origin | Type of business | Size | Position Held |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Switzerland | IT sector | SME | Business Consultant |
2 | Switzerland | IT services and solutions | SME | Project Manager |
3 | Turkey | e-Health | SME | Researcher |
4 | Finland | Sustainable development | SME | Director |
5 | Italy | Biotechnology/healthcare | SME | Manager |
6 * | Finland | Healthcare | SME | Owner |
7 | Germany | Healthcare | Large | Team Leader |
8 * | Spain | Home care and telecare | SME | CEO |
9 | Netherlands | Innovation | Large | Innovation Consultant |
10 * | Austria | e-Health | SME | Project leader |
11 * | Italy | Telecommunications | Large | Project manager |
12 * | Sweden | IT solutions for the elderly | SME | CEO |
13 * | Greece | ICT (e-Health) | SME | Manager |
14 * | Italy | Visualisation products | SME | Innovation Manager |
15 | Cyprus | R&I | SME | Manager |
16 * | Italy | IT solutions | SME | Director |
17 * | Germany | IT-Automation | SME | CEO |
18 | Norway | Ambient Assisted Living | SME | CEO |
19 * | Germany | Healthcare | Large | Sales strategy manager |
20 | Germany | Healthcare | Large | Information systems worker |
21 * | Germany | Home fitness | SME | Manager |
22 | Finland | Sustainable Development | SME | CEO |
23 | Sweden | Technology | SME | Manager |
24 | Sweden | Telecare for the elderly | SME | Product manager |
25 | - | - | Large | - |
26 | Cyprus | Innovation | SME | Research Engineer |
27 * | Belgium | Care for the elderly | Large | Director |
28 * | Italy | e-Healthcare | Large | Project Assistant |
29 * | Greece | Telemedicine | Large | Project Manager |
30 | Finland | Welfare innovations | SME | CEO |
31 | Finland | Architectural innovations | Large | Director |
32 | UK | - | SME | General Manager |
33 | Finland | IT services and solutions | SME | Business Development manager |
34 | Finland | Financial services | SME | Researcher |
35 ** | Germany | ICT | SME | Project Leader |
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Category | Explanation | Company Sizes |
---|---|---|
Profit assurance | Risk assessment is viewed primarily as profit-related; stakeholder engagement will help to increase product/service acceptance and associated sales. | SME = 10 Large = 4 Total = 14 |
Profit plus | Risk assessment is necessary to ensure profit but is also important for addressing broader societal needs (such as environmental concerns etc.) | SME = 6 Large = 4 Total = 10 |
Data management | Risk assessment is primarily concerned with data management and protection. | SME = 2 Large = 1 Total = 3 |
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Chatfield, K.; Borsella, E.; Mantovani, E.; Porcari, A.; Stahl, B.C. An Investigation into Risk Perception in the ICT Industry as a Core Component of Responsible Research and Innovation. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081424
Chatfield K, Borsella E, Mantovani E, Porcari A, Stahl BC. An Investigation into Risk Perception in the ICT Industry as a Core Component of Responsible Research and Innovation. Sustainability. 2017; 9(8):1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081424
Chicago/Turabian StyleChatfield, Kate, Elisabetta Borsella, Elvio Mantovani, Andrea Porcari, and Bernd Carsten Stahl. 2017. "An Investigation into Risk Perception in the ICT Industry as a Core Component of Responsible Research and Innovation" Sustainability 9, no. 8: 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081424