Why Promote Improved Fallows as a Climate-Smart Agroforestry Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. How Improved Fallows May Increase Production and Contribute to Food Security
3. Climate Change Mitigation Aspects of Improved Fallows
3.1. Carbon Sequestration
3.2. Greenhouse Gas Emission
4. Climate Change Adaptation Aspects of Improved Fallows
4.1. Reduced Incidences of Weeds, Pests, and Diseases
4.2. Soil Water Conservation
4.3. Potential Fodder Production during Dry Periods
4.4. Provision of Biomass Resource for Off-Season Charcoal Production as Safety-Net
5. Adoptability and Up-Scalability of Improved Fallows in SSA
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scientific Name | Common Name (s) | Description | Climate Range | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sesbania sesban | Sesban, Egyptian rattle pod, frother, sesbania, river bean | A narrow-crowned, deep-rooting single or multistemmed shrub or small tree, 1–7 m tall | Cooler, higher elevation regions of the tropics | Orwa et al. [25] |
Tephrosia vogelii | Vogel’s tephrosia, fish-poison-tree, fish-poison bean, fish bean | A soft, woody branching herb or small tree with dense foliage, 0.5–4 m tall | Semi-arid, humid, sub-humid tropics | Orwa et al. [25] |
Calliandra calothyrsus | Red calliandra, kalliandra merah, calliandra, | A small, thornless, often multistemmed shrub. Under optimum conditions it can attain a height of 12 m and a trunk diameter of 30 cm, but its average height is 5–6 m and diameter 20 cm | Humind and sub-humid tropics | Orwa et al. [25] |
Senna spectabilis | Calceolaria shower, pisabed, cassia, yellow shower | Shrub and medium-sized tree; grows to about 15 m tall | Tropical and tolerant of cool conditions | Orwa et al. [25] |
Gliricidia sepium | Gliricidia, tree of iron, St. Vincent plum, Mexican lilac, mother of cocoa, quick stick, Nicaraguan cacao shade | Shrub; grows to a height of 2–15 m | Tropical | Orwa et al. [25] |
Leucaena leucocephala | Leucaena, Jumpy-bean, wild tamarind, lead tree, white popinac, white leadtree, horse tamarind | Shrub and medium-sized tree; grows to about 15 m tall | Tropical | Orwa et al. [25] |
Acacia auriculiformis | Earpod wattle, Papuan wattle, auri, earleaf acacia, northern black wattle, Darwin black wattle | An evergreen tree; grows to about 15 m tall | Mostly tropical but also found in some temperate ecologies as an introduced ornamental | Starr et al. [26] |
Senna siamea | Kassod tree, yellow cassia, cassia, Thailand shower, thai copper pod, iron wood, Siamese senna, Bombay blackwood, black-wood cassia | A medium-size, evergreen tree growing up to 18 m tall | Lowland tropics with a monsoon climate | Orwa et al. [25] |
Tephrosia candida | White hoary pea, hoang pea, white tephrosia | An erect herb, shrub or small tree, up to 3.5 m tall, with straggling branches from the base | Dry tropics | Orwa et al. [25] |
Cajanus cajan | Congo pea, pigeon pea, red gram, yellow dahl | An erect woody, annual or short-lived perennial shrub or small tree, 1–4 m tall with a deep taproot (to 2 m) | Tropics and subtropics | Nene et al. [27] |
Fallow Species | Above-Ground Biomass | Below-Ground Biomass | Total (Mg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|
12-month-old fallows | |||
C. grahamiana | 8.5 | 2.7 | 11.2 |
C. calothyrsus | 21.0 | 7.0 | 28.0 |
C. cajan | 8.5 | 3.9 | 12.4 |
S. spectabilis | 7.0 | 4.8 | 11.8 |
S. sesban | 14.2 | 7.3 | 21.5 |
T. vogelii | 10.8 | 4.0 | 14.8 |
18-month-old fallows | |||
C. grahamiana | 24.7 | 10.9 | 35.6 |
C. paulina | 19.8 | 13.6 | 33.4 |
T. candida | 31.0 | 33.2 | 64.2 |
22-month-old fallows | |||
C. calothyrsus | 27.0 | 15.5 | 42.5 |
S. sesban | 36.9 | 10.8 | 47.7 |
Grevillia robusta | 32.6 | 17.7 | 50.3 |
Eucalyptus saligna | 43.4 | 19.1 | 62.5 |
Fallow Species | Age (Years) | Country | Soil Type | Sampling Depth (cm) | SOC Increase (Mg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. auriculiformis | 5 | Togo | Ferric Acrisol | 0–10 | 3.41 |
A. lebbek | 5 | Togo | Ferric Acrisol | 0–10 | 5.21 |
A. indica | 5 | Togo | Ferric Acrisol | 0–10 | 12.46 |
C. cajan | 1 | Kenya | Deep red loam | 0–30 | 0.73 |
C. siamea | 5 | Togo | Ferric Acrisol | 0–10 | 5.2 |
C. grahamiana | 1.5 | Kenya | Arenosol | 0–20 | 1.69 |
C. grahamiana | 1.5 | Kenya | Ferralsol | 0–20 | 3.6 |
C. paulina | 1.5 | Kenya | Arenosol | 0–20 | 2.15 |
C. paulina | 1.5 | Kenya | Ferralsol | 0–20 | 2.94 |
L. leucocephala | 1 | Kenya | Ferralsol | 0–30 | 8.34 |
S. sesban | 1 | Kenya | Ferralsol | 0–30 | 3.1 |
T. candida | 1.5 | Kenya | Ferralsol | 0–20 | 3.74 |
T. vogelii | 1.5 | Kenya | Ferralsol | 0–20 | 2.58 |
Fodder Species | Crude Protein | Crude Fibre | Acid Detergent Fibre | Neutral Detergent Fibre | Total Ash | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acacia ehrenbergiana | 274 | - | 154 | 191 | - | Elseed et al. [55] |
Acacia mellifera | 218 | - | 167 | 215 | - | Elseed et al. [55] |
Acacia nilotica | 214 | 305 | - | - | 117 | Abdalla et al. [57] |
Acacia nubica | 285 | - | 133 | 182 | - | Elseed et al. [55] |
Acacia seyal | 197 | - | 160 | 202 | - | Elseed et al. [55] |
Acacia tortilis | 257 | - | 165 | 203 | - | Elseed et al. [55] |
Afzelia africana | 178 | 278 | 260 | - | 130 | Smith [58] |
Albizia lebbeck | 217 | 366 | 246 | 354 | 73 | Smith [58] |
Cajanus cajan | 22.8 | 201 | - | - | 58 | Devendra [59] |
Calliandra calothyrsus | 240 | 217 | - | - | 80 | Devendra [59] |
Cyclicodiscus gabunensis | 158 | 210 | 230 | - | 50 | Smith [58] |
Dichrostachys cinerea | 98 | - | 474 | 479 | 69 | Shenkute et al. [60] |
Erythrina variegata | 258 | 174 | - | - | 67 | Devendra [59] |
Ficus exersperata | 148 | 220 | 250 | - | 70 | Smith [58] |
Gliricidia sepium | 230 | 207 | 287 | 428 | 97 | Smith [58] |
Leucaena leucocephala | 224 | 130 | 289 | 420 | 94 | Smith [58] |
Prosopis cineraria | 140 | 178 | - | - | 69 | Devendra [59] |
Sesbania grandiflora | 235 | - | 217 | 271 | 100 | Smith [58] |
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Partey, S.T.; Zougmoré, R.B.; Ouédraogo, M.; Thevathasan, N.V. Why Promote Improved Fallows as a Climate-Smart Agroforestry Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa? Sustainability 2017, 9, 1887. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9111887
Partey ST, Zougmoré RB, Ouédraogo M, Thevathasan NV. Why Promote Improved Fallows as a Climate-Smart Agroforestry Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa? Sustainability. 2017; 9(11):1887. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9111887
Chicago/Turabian StylePartey, Samuel T., Robert B. Zougmoré, Mathieu Ouédraogo, and Naresh V. Thevathasan. 2017. "Why Promote Improved Fallows as a Climate-Smart Agroforestry Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa?" Sustainability 9, no. 11: 1887. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9111887