The Determinants of Tourist Use of Public Transport at the Destination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Questionaire and Data Collection
3. Descriptive Statistics
4. Methodology: Model Specification
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. The Probability of Using Different Transport Modes to Reach the Destination
5.2. The Probability of Using Public Transport at the Destination
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Description | (1) Mean N = 4336 | (2) Mean N = 1997 | (3) Mean N = 1919 | (4) Mean N = 420 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PT | Use of public transport during holidays | 0.57 | 0.40 | 0.73 | 0.66 |
Transport-own | Transport mode to arrive: own vehicle | 0.46 | - | - | - |
Transport-plane | Transport mode to arrive: plane | 0.44 | - | - | - |
Transport-pt | Transport mode to arrive: public transport | 0.10 | - | - | - |
Origin-Spain | Origin: mainland Spain (excluding Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Ceuta) | 0.38 | 0.62 | 0.06 | 0.68 |
Origin-France | Origin: France, Andorra and Monaco (excluding Corsica) | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
Origin-2000 km | Origin: countries located less than 2000 km from the destination (excluding France and Spain) | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
Origin-further | Origin: countries over 2000 km from the destination and overseas territories | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.81 | 0.11 |
Class-high | Upper class | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.49 | 0.18 |
Class-mid | Middle class | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.32 |
Class-low | Low class | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.46 |
Class-unknown | Unknown social class | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
Accom-2home | Accommodation in second residence | 0.20 | 0.37 | 0.04 | 0.14 |
Accom-other | Unknown accommodation | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Accom-apart | Accommodation in rented apartment | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.08 |
Accom-camp | Accommodation at a camp site | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Accom-family | Accommodation in residence of friends or relatives | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
Accom-hotel1 | Accommodation in a 1, 2 or 3 star hotel | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.38 | 0.36 |
Accom-hotel2 | Accommodation in a 4 or 5 star hotel | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.44 | 0.31 |
Age-24 | Up to 24 years old | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.09 |
Age-44 | From 25 to 44 years old | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.43 | 0.18 |
Age-64 | From 45 to 64 years old | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.30 |
Age-older | 65 years old and older | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.43 |
Expenses-low | Spending at the destination: low | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.33 |
Expenses-mid | Spending at the destination: medium | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.22 |
Expenses-high | Spending at the destination: high | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.39 | 0.17 |
Expenses-unknown | Spending at the destination: unknown | 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.28 |
Place-Cambrils | Municipality of destination: Cambrils | 0.24 | 0.35 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
Place-Pineda | Municipality of destination: La Pineda | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.22 |
Place-Salou | Municipality of destination: Salou | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.62 | 0.62 |
Duration-1week | Duration of stay, 1 week or less | 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
Duration-2weeks | Duration of stay between 8 and 14 days | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.58 | 0.40 |
Duration-longer | Duration of stay of longer than 14 days | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.13 |
Who-friends | Accompanied by: friends | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.13 |
Who-firm | Accompanied by: business trip | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Who-school | Accompanied by: study trip | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
Who-family | Accompanied by: family trip | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.13 |
Who-children | Accompanied by: family trip with children | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.13 |
Who-partner | Accompanied by: trip with partner | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.29 |
Who-senior | Accompanied by: IMSERSO trip | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.18 |
Who-alone | Accompanied by: travelling alone | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.10 |
Repeat | Not the first visit to the Costa Daurada | 0.62 | 0.82 | 0.39 | 0.67 |
Sex-man | Male | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.44 |
No visiting | Not making any tourist trips during the stay | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.29 |
Org-other | Organisation of the trip: organised by others | 0.49 | 0.21 | 0.76 | 0.63 |
Org-own | Organisation of the trip: organised by self | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.33 |
Org-unknown | Organisation of the trip: organised by unknown person/entity | 0.27 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
Plane vs. Own Car | Public Transport vs. Own Car | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | St. Error | Coefficient | St. Error | |
Intercept | −1.3797 | (0.2984) *** | −0.8812 | (0.2993) *** |
Origin-Spain | Reference category | Reference category | ||
Origin-France | 0.0112 | (0.2125) | −1.6446 | (0.228) *** |
Origin-2000 km | 3.4979 | (0.2241) *** | 0.4288 | (0.2614) |
Origin-further | 6.6010 | (0.2666) *** | 1.4150 | (0.2988) *** |
Class-mid | Reference category | Reference category | ||
Class-high | 0.0765 | (0.1928) | 0.0388 | (0.2027) |
Class-low | −0.0361 | (0.1998) | 0.1790 | (0.1945) |
Class-unknown | −0.0595 | (0.4552) | 0.0705 | (0.3933) |
Accom-hotel1 | Reference category | Reference category | ||
Accom-2home | 0.8245 | (0.3661) ** | 1.1214 | (0.3759) *** |
Accom_other | −0.3175 | (1.0515) | 0.4761 | (1.2082) |
Accom-apart | −0.2888 | (0.2559) | −0.6208 | (0.2796) ** |
Accom-camp | −3.6304 | (0.549) *** | −2.2502 | (0.5839) *** |
Accom-family | 2.2367 | (0.3929) *** | 2.6558 | (0.4231) *** |
Accom-hotel2 | −0.8299 | (0.2035) *** | −0.4375 | (0.1972) ** |
Age-44 | Reference category | Reference category | ||
Age-24 | 0.5973 | (0.3355) * | 1.6863 | (0.3173) *** |
Age-64 | 0.5102 | (0.1958) *** | 0.6108 | (0.2104) *** |
Age-older | 1.6950 | (0.2632) *** | 1.7540 | (0.2689) *** |
Expenses-mid | Reference category | Reference category | ||
Expenses-low | −0.1180 | (0.2014) | −0.0167 | (0.2039) |
Expenses-high | 0.2133 | (0.215) | −0.0090 | (0.2355) |
Expenses-unknown | −0.1403 | (0.244) | 0.1352 | (0.2291) |
Place-Salou | Reference category | Reference category | ||
Place-Cambrils | −0.9157 | (0.2064) *** | −0.8112 | (0.2112) *** |
Place-Pineda | −0.3930 | (0.199) ** | −0.4523 | (0.1918) ** |
Duration-1week | Reference category | Reference category | ||
Duration-2weeks | 1.1038 | (0.1694) *** | 0.6254 | (0.1824) *** |
Duration-longer | 0.1891 | (0.31) | 0.3534 | (0.2905) |
Repeat | −1.1093 | (0.1683) *** | −0.4795 | (0.1731) *** |
Sex-man | −0.3114 | (0.1502)** | −0.3487 | (0.1507) ** |
No visiting | −0.6039 | (0.1772) *** | 0.0683 | (0.1667) |
Org-other | Reference category | Reference category | ||
Org-own | −0.1350 | (0.1832) | −0.3811 | (0.1828) ** |
Org-unknown | −4.6563 | (0.3523) *** | −5.5251 | (0.4779) *** |
Coefficient | St. Error | |
---|---|---|
Intercept | −1.5097 | (0.3234) *** |
Transport-own | Reference category | |
Transport-plane | 2.4575 | (0.4378) *** |
Transport-pt | 1.2113 | (0.5313) ** |
Class-mid | Reference category | |
Class-high | 0.2771 | (0.1273) ** |
Class-low | 0.1604 | (0.137) |
Class-unknown | 0.5089 | (0.2777) * |
Accom-hotel1 | Reference category | |
Accom-2home | 0.7999 | (0.2829) *** |
Accom_other | −0.4722 | (0.4653) |
Accom-apart | 0.0272 | (0.1776) |
Accom-camp | 0.0192 | (0.2912) |
Accom-family | −0.0985 | (0.264) |
Accom-hotel2 | −0.1731 | (0.1351) |
Age-44 | Reference category | |
Age-24 | −0.0759 | (0.2236) |
Age-64 | −0.0325 | (0.1171) |
Age-older | −0.2537 | (0.1758) |
Expenses-mid | Reference category | |
Expenses-low | −0.4723 | (0.1465) *** |
Expenses-high | 0.2729 | (0.1393) * |
Expenses-unknown | −0.6883 | (0.1813) *** |
Place-Salou | Reference category | |
Place-Cambrils | −0.3273 | (0.1452) ** |
Place-Pineda | 0.1441 | (0.1198) |
Who-children | Reference category | |
Who-friends | 0.0572 | (0.1874) |
Who-firm | −0.4853 | (0.6181) |
Who-school | −0.3568 | (0.8384) |
Who-family | 0.1141 | (0.1595) |
Who-partner | −0.0001 | (0.1215) |
Who-senior | 0.1140 | (0.2912) |
Who-alone | 0.1575 | (0.2373) |
Duration-1week | Reference category | |
Duration-2weeks | 0.5984 | (0.1549) *** |
Duration-longer | 1.0765 | (0.2506) *** |
Repeat | 0.8010 | (0.1875) *** |
Sex-man | 0.0296 | (0.092) |
No visiting | −0.6598 | (0.1545) *** |
Org-other | Reference category | |
Org-own | 0.0327 | (0.1336) |
Org-unknown | 0.1854 | (0.291) |
Lambda plane | −1.1709 | (0.4107) *** |
Lambda PT | 0.8250 | (0.9521) |
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Gutiérrez, A.; Miravet, D. The Determinants of Tourist Use of Public Transport at the Destination. Sustainability 2016, 8, 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090908
Gutiérrez A, Miravet D. The Determinants of Tourist Use of Public Transport at the Destination. Sustainability. 2016; 8(9):908. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090908
Chicago/Turabian StyleGutiérrez, Aaron, and Daniel Miravet. 2016. "The Determinants of Tourist Use of Public Transport at the Destination" Sustainability 8, no. 9: 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090908