Wet Grasslands as a Green Infrastructure for Ecological Sustainability: Wader Conservation in Southern Sweden as a Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas
2.2. Field Observations
2.2.1. Relative Abundance of Avian Predators and Waders
2.2.2. Landscape Avian Predator Counts
2.2.3. Artificial Nest Predation
3. Results
3.1. Relative Abundance of Avian Predators and Waders at the Beginning of the Breeding Season
3.2. Landscape Avian Predator Counts during the Latter Part of the Breeding Season
3.3. Artificial Nest Predation
4. Discussion
4.1. Management of Trophic Interactions and Land Covers
4.2. Towards Governance of Wet Grasslands as a Green Infrastructure
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
KVBR | Kristianstad Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve |
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Study Areas | KVBR (SE) | Östergötland (SE) |
---|---|---|
Body mass (g/ha) | −27.4 (2.45) | 0.39 (0.918) |
Metabolic weight (g/ha) | −4.81 (0.488) | −0.060 (0.2529) |
Nests (No./ha) | −0.061 (0.00723) | 0.00063 (0.00368) |
Wader Observations | Relative Abundance Field Observations (Early Season) | Landscape Field Observations (Late Season) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Kr | Ög | Kr | Ög | |
Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) | 6 | 2 | NA | NA |
Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) | 215 | 131 | NA | NA |
Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) | 1 | 3 | NA | NA |
Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) | 2 | 0 | NA | NA |
Redshank (Tringa totanus) | 5 | 40 | NA | NA |
Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) | 5 | 4 | NA | NA |
Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) | 2 | 9 | NA | NA |
Curlew (Numenius arquata) | 27 | 3 | NA | NA |
Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) | 38 | 12 | NA | NA |
Ruff (Phylomachus pugnax) | 0 | 9 | NA | NA |
Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula) | 0 | 3 | NA | NA |
Total | 301 | 216 | NA | NA |
Corvid Observations | ||||
Magpie (Pica pica) | 16 | 4 | 76 | 122 |
Jay (Garrulus glandarius) | 0 | 0 | 8 | 9 |
Jackdaw (Corvus monedula) | 101 | 8 | 572 | 908 |
Rook (Corvus frugilegus) | 46 | 0 | 0 | 435 |
Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) | 338 | 18 | 149 | 377 |
Raven (Corvus corax) | 24 | 1 | 16 | 23 |
Total | 525 | 31 | 821 | 1874 |
Birds of Prey Observations | ||||
White-tailed Eagle (Haliaetus albicilla) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Red Kite (Milvus milvus) | 13 | 0 | 33 | 0 |
Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) | 12 | 11 | 14 | 10 |
Buzzard (Buteo buteo) | 19 | 0 | 20 | 5 |
Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Hobby (Falco subbuteo) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 52 | 14 | 70 | 18 |
Species | Trends [24] | Status [78,83,84] | Waders in Diet [78,83,84] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corvids | 1996–2006 | 1977–2006 | Kr | Ög | |
Magpie (Pica pica) | ↔ | ↔ | R | R | E, Y |
Jay (Garrulus glandarius) | ↑ | ↓ | R | R | E, Y |
Jackdaw (Corvus monedula) | ↑ | ↑ | R | R | E, Y |
Rook (Corvus frugilegus) | ↑+ | ↔ | R | R | A, E, Y |
Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) | ↓ | ↓ | R | R | A, E, Y |
Raven (Corvus corax) | ↑+ | ↔ | R | R | A, E, Y |
Birds of Prey | |||||
White-tailed Eagle (Haliaetus albicilla) | ↑+ | ↑+ | R | B | A, E, Y |
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) | ↔ | ↑+ | B | B | Fish |
Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) | ↑ | ↑ | R | R | A, Y |
Red Kite (Milvus milvus) | ↑+ | ↑+ | R | M | A, E, Y |
Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) | ↔ | ↑+ | B | B | A, E, Y |
Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) | ↔ | ↓ | M | B | A, E, Y |
Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus) | ↓ | ↓ | B | B | A, E, Y |
Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus) | ↔ | ↓ | M | M | A, Y |
Buzzard (Buteo buteo) | ↑ | ↔ | B | B | A, Y |
Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus) | ↔ | ↓− | B | B | Insects |
Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) | ↑ | ↑ | R | R | A, Y |
Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) | ↔ | ↔ | R | R | A, Y |
Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) | ↑+ | ↑+ | B | B | A, Y |
Hobby (Falco subbuteo) | ↑ | ↔ | B | B | A, Y |
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) | ↑+ | ↑+ | R | R | A, Y |
Merlin (Falco columbarius) | ↔ | ↔ | B | M | A, Y |
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Manton, M.; Angelstam, P.; Milberg, P.; Elbakidze, M. Wet Grasslands as a Green Infrastructure for Ecological Sustainability: Wader Conservation in Southern Sweden as a Case Study. Sustainability 2016, 8, 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040340
Manton M, Angelstam P, Milberg P, Elbakidze M. Wet Grasslands as a Green Infrastructure for Ecological Sustainability: Wader Conservation in Southern Sweden as a Case Study. Sustainability. 2016; 8(4):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040340
Chicago/Turabian StyleManton, Michael, Per Angelstam, Per Milberg, and Marine Elbakidze. 2016. "Wet Grasslands as a Green Infrastructure for Ecological Sustainability: Wader Conservation in Southern Sweden as a Case Study" Sustainability 8, no. 4: 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040340
APA StyleManton, M., Angelstam, P., Milberg, P., & Elbakidze, M. (2016). Wet Grasslands as a Green Infrastructure for Ecological Sustainability: Wader Conservation in Southern Sweden as a Case Study. Sustainability, 8(4), 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040340