Recent Trends in the World Gas Market: Economical, Geopolitical and Environmental Aspects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Global Scenario
2.1. Demand
2.2. Production and Reserves
2.3. The Natural Gas Storage
2.4. International Trade
2.5. Future Scenarios
3. Institutional and Economic Aspects
3.1. Natural Gas Production Costs
3.2. Natural Gas Market Prices
3.3. Comparison between Oil and Gas
4. Geopolitical Aspects
4.1. Relationship between European Union and Russia
4.2. The American Shale Gas Role
4.3. The Agreement between Russia and China
4.4. The Iranian Impact
5. Environmental Risks and Impacts
5.1. Conventional Gas Extraction
5.2. Unconventional Gas Extraction
5.3. Gas Flaring and Gas Venting
5.4. Transportation
6. Conclusions
- -
- the changing geopolitical scenario due to the role of some specific countries, such as the increasing internal production of the U.S. due to shale gas exploitation;
- -
- the dependence of Europe on Russian gas (the European Commission published its energy security strategy seeking to ensure the energy stability) and the alternative projects to bring gas from Caspian, East Mediterranean, Middle East as well as LNG from various areas;
- -
- the relations between Russia and China and the new role of Iran in the international scenarios, after the end of sanctions;
- -
- the environmental issues due to unconventional gas extraction.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Billion Cubic Meters | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2014 Share of Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total North America | 783.7 | 782.1 | 778.0 | 813.8 | 821.5 | 815.9 | 849.6 | 870.6 | 903.4 | 928.5 | 949.4 | 28.3% |
Total S. & Cent. America | 119.0 | 124.0 | 136.0 | 142.7 | 143.7 | 139.1 | 148.6 | 152.1 | 161.7 | 168.4 | 170.1 | 5.0% |
Total Europe & Eurasia | 1077.9 | 1098.4 | 1122.0 | 1127.2 | 1135.8 | 1041.5 | 1121.3 | 1097.8 | 1080.9 | 1060.8 | 1009.6 | 29.6% |
Total Middle East | 259.3 | 277.0 | 294.7 | 315.7 | 347.0 | 361.1 | 395.4 | 418.7 | 430.5 | 437.7 | 465.2 | 13.7% |
Total Africa | 81.1 | 85.5 | 89.1 | 96.0 | 100.9 | 99.6 | 107.2 | 113.9 | 121.8 | 120.3 | 120.1 | 3.5% |
Total Asia Pacific | 377.7 | 408.2 | 436.3 | 468.9 | 499.3 | 512.6 | 571.6 | 612.2 | 647.6 | 665.3 | 678.6 | 19.9% |
Total World | 2698.8 | 2775.2 | 2856.1 | 2964.4 | 3048.2 | 2969.9 | 3193.7 | 3265.3 | 3345.8 | 3381.0 | 3393.0 | 100.0% |
Billion Cubic Meters | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2014 Share of Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total North America | 753.5 | 750.5 | 769.7 | 781.8 | 800.8 | 807.3 | 821.1 | 866.5 | 893.8 | 903.3 | 948.4 | 27.7% |
Total S. & Cent. America | 134.7 | 140.7 | 154.3 | 162.3 | 163.2 | 158.5 | 163.2 | 167.2 | 173.7 | 173.3 | 175.0 | 5.0% |
Total Europe & Eurasia | 1025.3 | 1028.8 | 1043.0 | 1041.2 | 1070.0 | 950.3 | 1021.7 | 1034.2 | 1028.2 | 1034.7 | 1002.4 | 28.8% |
Total Middle East | 296.6 | 318.7 | 341.6 | 370.8 | 400.3 | 425.1 | 488.6 | 540.7 | 565.1 | 580.5 | 601.0 | 17.3% |
Total Africa | 156.4 | 177.3 | 192.2 | 204.7 | 212.3 | 200.0 | 213.3 | 210.2 | 215.4 | 204.7 | 202.6 | 5.8% |
Total Asia Pacific | 344.8 | 373.4 | 391.7 | 407.3 | 426.9 | 448.2 | 494.7 | 496.9 | 504.0 | 512.3 | 531.2 | 15.3% |
Total World | 2711.3 | 2789.3 | 2892.5 | 2968.1 | 3073.4 | 2989.4 | 3202.6 | 3315.7 | 3380.2 | 3408.8 | 3460.6 | 100.0% |
At End 1994 | At End 2004 | At End 2013 | At End 2014 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trillion Cubic Meters | Trillion Cubic Meters | Trillion Cubic Meters | Trillion Cubic Meters | Share of Total (%) | |
Total North America | 8.5 | 7.5 | 12 | 12.1 | 6.5 |
Total S. & Cent. America | 5.7 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 4.1 |
Total Europe & Eurasia | 40.6 | 42.7 | 57.5 | 58.0 | 31.0 |
Total Middle East | 45.5 | 72.2 | 80.0 | 79.8 | 42.7 |
Total Africa | 9.1 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 7.6 |
Total Asia Pacific | 9.7 | 13.0 | 15.2 | 15.3 | 8.2 |
Total World | 119.1 | 156.5 | 186.5 | 187.1 | 100 |
Billion Cubic Meters | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Norway | 93.6 | 104.2 | 101.4 | 106.3 |
North Africa | 32.9 | 37.4 | 31.4 | 28.5 |
North Stream | 0.5 | 10.6 | 22.1 | 32.8 |
Yamal pipeline | 22.8 | 25.0 | 30.6 | 29.8 |
Ukraine/Slovakia | 70.4 | 51.8 | 53.5 | 31.4 |
LNG | 87.0 | 63.9 | 48.5 | 47.2 |
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Toscano, A.; Bilotti, F.; Asdrubali, F.; Guattari, C.; Evangelisti, L.; Basilicata, C. Recent Trends in the World Gas Market: Economical, Geopolitical and Environmental Aspects. Sustainability 2016, 8, 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020154
Toscano A, Bilotti F, Asdrubali F, Guattari C, Evangelisti L, Basilicata C. Recent Trends in the World Gas Market: Economical, Geopolitical and Environmental Aspects. Sustainability. 2016; 8(2):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020154
Chicago/Turabian StyleToscano, Alessandro, Filiberto Bilotti, Francesco Asdrubali, Claudia Guattari, Luca Evangelisti, and Carmine Basilicata. 2016. "Recent Trends in the World Gas Market: Economical, Geopolitical and Environmental Aspects" Sustainability 8, no. 2: 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020154